Namizno okolje K (K Desktop Environment)
Pravna zaščita © 2000, 2001, 2002 Ekipa KDE
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To je Uporabniški priročnik KDE, celovita dokumentacija namiznega okolja K (KDE) iz perspektive uporabnika. KDE je zbirka orodij, ki bodo olajšala vaše življenje v UNIX-u in ga naredila bolj uživaško.
Kazalo
Dobrodošli v uporabniškem priročniku namiznega okolja K.
Ta knjiga je mišljena kot uvod v namizno okolje K (KDE), s splošnim opisom uporabniškega vmesnika, nekaj praktičnimi zgledi, kako uporabiti KDE za vaskodnevno delo in nekaj namigi za prilagoditev namizja.
Vključena je tabela bližnjic in nekaj namigov in nasvetov, ki naj bi vam pomagali najti stvari hitro in učinkovito.
Ta knjiga ni uporabniški vodič po posameznih programih, saj imajo ti svoje lastne uporabniške priročnike. Vendar pa je KDE integrirano okolje — kar se boste naučili v tem priročniku in vašem raziskovanju KDE-jevegauporabniškega vmesnika, je skladno in prenosljivo med programi KDE.
Ta knjiga razišče tudi nekaj filozofije, ki stoji za KDE, kot tudi nekaj zgodovine, vse skupaj pa zaokroži z nasveti, kako najti več podatkov, če jih morda rabite.
640kB bi moralo zadostovati vsakomur
Od začetka razvoja UNIX®-a je bila vedno prisotna težava: obstajala so stabilna jedra in dobra, močna programska oprema. Na žalost je lahko UNIX® uporabljalo le malo ljudi, saj je bil napisan za tiste študente in profesionalce, ki so ga dovolj dolgo študirali. Običajen način prebiranja USENET-a je bil na primer:
find /var/spool/news -name '[0-9]*' -exec cat {} \; | more
Ta problem je bil rešen. Danes je na voljo precej dobrih vmesnikov, kot sta tin in KNode, ki ponujajo preprostost uporabe, intuitiven grafični uporabniški vmesnik (GUI). Na žalost pa GUI-jem manjka standarden ,,občutek in izgled''. Komercialne programske knjižnice kot je Motif® so obljubljale rešitev, vendar pa ostale vse do nedavnega predrage in prepočasne.
Nastavitev programov je pogosto težka. Medtem, ko je prevajanje običajno opravljeno z ./configure && make && make se da le zelo malo programov prilagoditi s pomočjo menujev ali skript. V večini primerov morate sami urejevati tekstovno nastavitveno datoteko. Pogosto se zgodi, da narobe postavljena vejica podre celotno datoteko in vas s tem prisili, da ponovno pričnete namestitveni proces. Kadarkoli želite znova spremeniti vaše nastavitve ali prilagoditi program, se vsa zmeda ponovno pojavi.install
Vse to prispeva k dejstvu, da Linux® in drugi UNIX®-i težko dosežejo širše občinstvo. Hkrati pa mnogo ljudi ni zadovoljnih s svojimi trenutnimi operacijskimi sistemi, večinoma zaradi pomanjkanja stabilnosti in zmogljivosti teh sistemov. Drugi ljudje sovražijo dejstvo, da morajo vsakič, ko izide program, brez katerega ne morejo živeti, kupiti nov računalnik, ker program rabi več RAM-a in prostora na disku. Pogosto nova različica ponuja funkcije, ki jih zares rabi le malo ljudi.
KDE je drugačen. Čeprav ne želimo nadomestiti običajne UNIX® lupine, delamo na orodju, ki bo olajšalo uporabo UNIX®-a. Prav tako želimo privabiti več uporabnikov. Preproste stvari bodo postale lahke in zapletene izvedljive. Prav tako bo ponujen enoten vmesnik namesto ducata trenutno zahtevanih.
KDE je zasnovan za vsakogar.
Novincem v UNIX®-u ali pa tistim, ki jih ne zanima učenje novih tehnologij in ukazov, ki jih ni najti v njihovih prejšnjih operacijskih sistemih, se ni treba soočati z posebnostmi ukazne vrstice, razen če tega ne želijo. Vendar pa je mnogo stvari, ki jih KDE ponuja koristnih tudi za izkušene uporabnike UNIX®-a, saj lahko z GUI orodji poenostavi prej zapletena opravila, ukazna vrstica je vedno oddaljena le ne klik.
Ne glede, na to, kakšne so vaše izkušnje z UNIX®-om ali drugimi operacijskimi sistemi, vam KDE ponuja:
Lepo in za uporabo preprosto okensko okolje.
Močan, za uporabo preprost upravljalnik datotek
Močan, za uporabo preprost spletni brskalnik
Preprosto, centralizirano nastavitev
Dolg seznam programov, tako da lahko pričnete učinkovito delo že nekaj minut po vaši prvi prijavi v KDE.
Sprotno pomoč, ki vas bo podprla v vsaki situaciji.
Skladen uporabniški vmesnik. Menuji so vedno na istih mestih v vseh programih, tipkovne vezi se obnašajo enako, ikone orodne vrstice se, ko se jih enkrat priučite, obnašajo vedno enako.
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Oktobra 1996 je nemški razvijalec LyX-a Matthias Ettrich sprožil razvoj KDE s sporočilom v USENET-u. Kmalu potem je nekaj zainteresiranih razvijalcev začelo načrtovati in programirati dele novega projekta. Leto dni pozneje so bili okenski in datotečni upravljalnik, terminalski emulator, sistem pomoči in prikrojitveno (nastavitveno) orodje izdani v alfa in beta beta testiranje in se izkazali za relativno stabilne.
Julija 1998 je bil KDE 1.0 objavljen. To je bila stabilna različica za naslednjih šest mesecev, medtem ko so razvijalci nadaljevali delo na izboljšavi KDE brez zahtev po stabilnosti. Januarja 1999 so bili njihovi napori usklajeni in združeni v KDE 1.1, novi standardni, stabilni različici.
Razvoj se je nadaljeval s KDE 2.0, skoraj povsem na novo spisano različico namizja, ki je bilo objavljeno 23. oktobra 2000. Rzaličice KDE 2.x so se razvijale skozi šest manjših izdaj v obdobju enega leta, pri čemer je vsaka prinesla že tako impresivnemu namizju dodatne zmožnosti in stabilnost.
V času pisanja se KDE 3.0 pripravlja za izdajo in bo prinesel precej izboljšav v primerjavi z serijo 2.0. Čeprav sprememba GUI ni tako dramatična, kot je bil pri prehodu s KDE 1 na KDE 2, je mnogo izboljšav, kot je na primer nov tiskalniški sistem, precej izboljšana podproa SSL (za varne internetne transakcije) ali polna podpora za jezike, ki pišejo od desne proti levi (kot sta arabščina ali hebrejščina), našlo svojo pot na namizje. Več podatkov o tem vznemirljivem razvoju lahko najdete na http://www.kde.org/.
Razvijalci in zainteresirani uporabniki komunicirajo preko večih poštnih list, kot je opisano v razdelku Poštni seznami. Če želite pomagati KDE, to prosim storite. KDE poganjajo prostovoljni prispevki in vedno ste dobrodošli, da se pridružite.
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KDE je programska oprema z odprto kodo in celoten KDE je objavljen pod prostimi licencami, kot je na primer GPL.
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Glavna spletna stran za KDE je http://www.kde.org/. Tu lahko najdete vse pomembne podatke v zvezi s KDE, vključno z objavami, popravki hroščev, podatki za razvijalce in mnogo več.
Za nadgradnje programske opreme obiščite naše FTP streni, ftp://ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/ ali pa uporabite zrcalni strežnik v bližini. Svež seznam najdete na http://www.kde.org/ftpmirors.html.
Imenik unstable na FTP strežniku vedno vsebuje najnovejšo programsko opremo, vendar pa je pogosto nepreizkušena in se morda sploh ne da prevesti. Če iščete bolj zanesljive komponente, si prosim oglejte imenik stable, kamor damo beta različice in uradne izdaje.
Če se zanimate za razvoj programov za KDE, potem bi morali obiskati http://developer.kde.org/", kjer boste našli zelo veliko podatkov, vključno z lekcijami, vodiči API za KDE-jeve knjižnice in še veliko več. Prav tako bi morali obiskati Troll Techov strežnik (http://www.troll.no) ki vsebuje veliko podatkov, ki se nanašajo na knjižnico Qt™, ki jo uporablja KDE. Prav tako je v tem primeru priporočljivo, da se pridružite razvijalski poštni listi.
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Core dumping fsck's tend to make me nervous.
Brez skrbi! Čeprav lahko uporaba beta programske opreme povzroči precej težav, ni posebej verjetno, da bi namestitev KDE uničila vaš disk. To poglavje je zasnovano posebej zato, da vas vodi skozi namestiveni proces, tako da lahko kar najhitreje (in s kar najmanj truda) pričnete uporabljati vaše novo namizje. Kot pri vseh namestitvah okenskih upravljalnikov je priporočljivo da naredite varnostno kopijo vseh X11 specifičnih nastavitvenih datotek preden pričnete z namestitvijo. Če ne poznate natančno njihove lokacije, poizkusite z vsemi skritimi datotekami (.*) v vašem domačem imeniku in imeniku /usr/X11/lib/X11/xdm.
Preden namestite KDE, se prepričajte, da vaš sistem izpolnjuje naslednje zahteve:
Delujoč, POSIX kompatibilen UNIX sistem. UNIX-i, za katere je znano da delajo s KDE vključujejo: Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, HP-UX in MkLinux. Trudimo se, da bi bil KDE kmalu dosegljiv na še več platformah.
Nekaj prostega prostora na particiji, kjer bo ustvarjen /opt/kde . Priporočamo, da rezervirate približno 50MB, če vaš sistem podpira deljene knjižnice in ustrezno več, če jih ne. Če morate ali želite zgraditi KDE iz izvornega drevesa potem prosim rezervirajte okrog 100MB v /usr/src.
Delujoč sistem X11 z ali brez xdm. Če še niste namestili X Window System potem najprej preverite namestitveni medij vaše različice UNIX-a, ali vsebuje primerno različico. Če je ne najdete, obiščite spletno stran XFree86 kjer dobite več informacij o tem, kako dobiti in namestiti X Window System, oziroma kontaktirajte vašega UNIX prodajalca UNIX-a za podporo.
Knjižnice Qt, različice 2.2. Dobite jih lahko na Troll Techovem FTP strežniku v formatih rpm in tgz.
Opozorilo preden začnete: Preden nadgradite s prejšnje različice KDE, priporočamo, da storite naslednje:
cd/opt/kdetarcfvz~/KDE-old-version-backup.tar.gz*
Uporaba RPM-ov je najlažja metoda da dobite in namestite KDE. Obiščite vaše priljubljen zrcalni strežnik KDE in njegov imenik /pub/kde/stable/distribution/rpm. Tukaj lahko vidite imenike za različne operacijske sisteme. Trenutno so podprte arhitekture i386, alpha in sparc. Pakete rpm lahko prav tako najdete na straneh Red Hata kot so sunsite.unc.edu ali ftp.redhat.com.
Osnovni sistem sestavljajo datoteke kde- Rabite najmanj kdesupport, kdelibs in kdebase. Ko ste dobili osnovno distribucijo lahko ostale pakete naložite po želji oziroma le tiste, za katere mislite, da vam bodo prišli prav. component.architecture.rpm
Sedaj pa lahko pričnete nameščati osnoven paket. Če nameščate KDE prvič, uporabite
rpm-ikdesupport.arch.rpmrpm-ikdelibs.arch.rpmrpm-ikdebase.arch.rpm
Te komponente morajo biti nameščene v naštetem vrstnem redu inpred vsemi drugimi komponentami KDE.
Če nadgrajujete prejšnjo različico poskusite
rpm -Uvh kde-component.arch.rpm
Še nekrat: zgoraj našteti vrstni red mora biti ohranjen in podane komponente morajo biti nameščene pred vsemi drugimi.
To bo odpakiralo osnovno distribucijo in jo privzeto namestilo v /opt/kde.
Če je bila namestitev osnovnih paketov uspešna, lahko namestite preostale pakete (uporabite -Uvh namesto -i da nadgradite obstoječo različico) na enak način.
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Tudi namestitev v sistemu Debian je dokaj preprosta. Našli boste le pakete za Debian 2.2 (Potato) in 3.0 (Woody). Opisali bomo nameščanje paketov za Debian 2.2, ki je stabilna različica, saj je Debian 3.0 še v razvoju. Vendar pa je namestitev v obeh različicah skoraj identična. Glavna razlika je v tem, da je KDE v Debian 3.0 uradno vključen in vam ni treba določiti posebne lokacije, da najdete pakete deb za KDE.
V prvem koraku bomo sistemu povedali, kje lahko najde pakete deb. Seznam naslovov Debian paketov se nahaja na vašem disku v /etc/apt/sources.list. V to datoteko morate dodati naslednjo vrstico: http://kde.tdyc.com/ stable kde2
Potem morate osvežiti vašo lokalno bazo podatkov, tako da vaš sistem ve, da so na voljo novi paketi. Vtipkajte naslednji ukaz:
apt-get update
Končno lahko namestite osnovne komponente KDE. To storite tako, da vtipkate:
apt-get install kdebase
Če želite namestiti več komponent KDE poizkusite nekatere ali pa kar vse naslednje možnosti:
apt-getinstall task-kdenetworkapt-getinstall task-kdeadminapt-getinstall task-kdetoysapt-getinstall task-kdeutilsapt-getinstall task-kdemultimediaapt-getinstall task-kdegraphicsapt-getinstall task-kdepimapt-getinstall task-kdegamesapt-getinstall task-kofficeapt-getinstall kdebase-docsapt-getinstall kdm
Morda vas bo zanimalo kako namestiti vaš jezik.
apt-get install
kde-i18n-xx
kjer morate xx zamenjati s kodo jezika.
Nastavitvene datoteke KDE bodo nameščene v /etc/kde2, izvedljive v /usr/bin in večina drugih v /usr/share v rezlične imenike.
Če nadgrajujete s prejšnje različice KDE, potem izvedite naslednje korake. Najprej dopolnite datoteko /etc/apt/sources.list tako, da spremenite vrstico z lokacijo paketov KDE v: http://kde.tdyc.com/ stable kde2. Nato osvežite bazo podatkov paketov:
apt-get update
Končno namestite osnovni sitem:
apt-getinstall kdebaseapt-getdist-upgrade
Če želite namestiti več komponent KDE poizkusite nekatere ali pa kar vse naslednje možnosti.
apt-getinstall task-kdenetworkapt-getinstall task-kdeadminapt-getinstall task-kdetoysapt-getinstall task-kdeutilsapt-getinstall task-kdemultimediaapt-getinstall task-kdegraphicsapt-getinstall task-kdepimapt-getinstall task-kdegamesapt-getinstall task-kofficeapt-getinstall kdebase-docsapt-getinstall kdm
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Če vaša distribucija nima RPM ali DEB arhivskega formata ali pa sloh ne upoprabljate Linuxa, potem morate KDE prevesti sami. V prihodnosti načrtujemo binarno distribucijo, ki vključuje svoj namestitevni program.
Da lahko prevedete in namestite KDE rabite morajo biti na vašem disku nameščeni naslednji elementi:
ANSI-C prevajalnik, npr. GNU C compiler (GCC).
ANSI-C++ prevajalnik, npr. GNU C++ (G++).
Program make.
Qt development različice 2.2 ali višje.
X11 razvijalska različica (include datoteke pogosto manjkajo)
Ko enkrat imate vse te programe, pojdite na vaš priljubljeni zrcalni strežnik KDE in pridobite sledeče datoteke iz imenika /pub/kde/stable/:(najnovejša različica)
kdesupport-version.tar.gz
kdelibs- version.tar.gz
kdebase-version.tar.gz
katerikoli drug paket, ki ga želite namestiti. Svetujemo vam, da vzamete vsaj kdeutils.
kjer (version) nadomestite s številko trenutne raličice. Ko ste naložili vse, kar potrebujete, izvlečite te datoteke v /usr/src. Ta proces bi moral ustvariti sledečo imeniško strukturo:
/usr/src/kdesupport
/usr/src/kdelibs
/usr/src/kdebase
/usr/src/... (katerikoli drug paket)
Poskrbite, da imate pisalno dovoljenje v /opt/kde.
Sedaj morate prevesti in namestiti pakete z uporabo:
cd v imenik paketa, ki ga želite namestiti (glejte zgoraj)
./configure (z opcijami, ki jih želite uveljaviti)
make
make install
Uporabite gornje korake na vsakem paketu, ki ga želite namestiti.
Ta navodila so uporabna za skoraj vsak dosegljiv paket izvorne kode, ne le za pakete KDE.
Vsaka prilagoditvena skripta ima na razpolago več opcij. Nekatere so splošne za vse pakete, druge pa specifične za vsakega posebej. Sledeče je rezultat ukaza configure --help v kdelibs:
--disable-fast-perl disable fast Makefile generation (needs perl)
--enable-debug creates debugging code [default=no]
--enable-strict compiles with strict compiler options (may not work!)
--enable-profile creates profiling infos [default=no]
--enable-final build size optimized apps (experimental - needs lots of memory)
--disable-closure don't delay template instantiation
--enable-shared[=PKGS] build shared libraries [default=yes]
--enable-static[=PKGS] build static libraries [default=no]
--enable-fast-install[=PKGS] optimize for fast installation [default=yes]
--with-gnu-ld assume the C compiler uses GNU ld [default=no]
--disable-libtool-lock avoid locking (might break parallel builds)
--with-pic try to use only PIC/non-PIC objects [default=use both]
--with-extra-includes=DIR
adds non standard include paths
--with-extra-libs=DIR adds non standard library paths
--with-qt-dir=DIR where the root of Qt is installed
--with-qt-includes=DIR where the Qt includes are.
--with-qt-libraries=DIR where the Qt library is installed.
--disable-rpath do not use the rpath feature of ld
--disable-path-check don't try to find out, where to install
--with-xdmdir If the xdm config dir can't be found automaticly
--with-pam[=ARG] enable support for PAM: ARG=[yes|no|service name]
--with-shadow If you want shadow password support
--with-krb4[=PATH] Compile in Kerberos v4 support.
--with-afs Compile in AFS support (requires KTH krb4).
--with-ldap[=PATH] Compile in LDAP support.
--with-samba-libs=path Use Samba-tng libs in 'path' [search]
--without-gl disable 3D GL modes
--without-xpm disable color pixmap XPM tests
--without-dpms disable DPMS power saving
--with-x use the X Window System
--with-motif-includes=DIR Motif include files are in DIR
--with-motif-libraries=DIR Motif libraries are in DIR
Mnoge opcije niso zahtevane in so uporabne le za premostitev znanih težav(npr. --disable-FEATURE). Ker so nakatere pomembne, na primer --with-shadow, bi morali vedno preveriti dosegljive možnosti.
Pomembna možnost je --prefix. Ta možnost določa pot, kamor naj configure namešča (za kdesupport in kdelibs) ali kam naj pogleda za knjižnicami (za druge pakete). Privzeto bo configure pogledal v /opt/kde. Če želite namestiti KDE v /usr/local/kde, morate uporabiti configure --prefix /usr/local/kde.
Če ste namestili knjižnice Qt na nenavadnem mestu, na primer v $HOME/src/qt, morate uporabiti configure --with-qt-dir=$HOME/src/qt. Privzeto configure pogleda v najbolj običajne kraje, kjer se morda nahajajo Qt, preden obupa.
Če imate težave, ki jih ne morete rešiti pošljite kopijo datoteke config.log na naslov v datoteki README v problematičnem paketu.
KDE morate namestiti v naslednjem vrstnem redu: kdesupport, kdelibs, nato pa programske pakete (na primer kdebase). Vsi programski pakete bi morali biti odvisni le od kdelibs, tako da jih lahko prevajate hkrati (če imate dovolj zmogljiv računalnik).
Če se želite poslužiti zmožnosti večprocesorskih sistemov, poskusite make -j namesto make. št. procesorjev
Za Linux lahko večino za izgrdnjo KDE potrebnih orodij najdete ali na ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/GCC ali pa ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/GNU. The Knjižnice Qt lahko najdete na ftp://ftp.troll.no/pub/qt/linux, dosegljive v obliki izvorne kodaeali pa v formatu RPM. Oba vključujeta podrobna navodila o tem, kako ju namestiti. Include datoteke za X11 programe bi morale biti dosegljive na ftp://ftp.xfree86.org v razdelku xdevel.
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Potem ko ste postavili binarne datoteke KDE v njihov končni imenik, je tu še nekaj prilagoditev, ki jih morate narediti v vaših zagonskih skriptah.
Sledeč postopek je bil preizkušen na SuSE Linux 5.0 in bi moral biti združljiv tudi z drugimi popularnimi UNIX-i. Vedno pripravite vrnostne kopije nastavitvenih datotek, preden jih spreminjate! Dodajte sledeče na konec vašega /etc/profile:
export PATH=$PATH:/opt/kde/bin export KDEDIR=/opt/kde
Nato uredite datoteko .xinitrc v vašem domačem imeniku. Poglejte v vrstico, ki kliče okenski upravljalnik in ga nadomestite s startkde.
Sedaj, ko je bilo vse, kar je potrebno za zagon KDE nameščeno, lahko pogledate v 4. poglavje, kjer boste prvič pognali KDE. Če gre kaj narobe, boste morda morali sami prevesti KDE. Preberite Uporaba TGZ za nameščanje v drugih sistemih za več informacij.
Namestitev smo naredili kar se da trpežno, tako da ne bi smeli naleteti na resnejše probleme razen v primeru, da je vaša konfiguracija eksotična. Če pa le naletite na težave, potem ne oklevajte in uporabite poštne liste KDE.
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You see to sea to see that all you can see is sea
Prvi vtisi so najpomembnejši -- to ne velja le za slovito srhljivko Agathe Christie “Mišolovka” -- ampak tudi za KDE. Kot smo že omenili naj bi bil KDE karseda intuitiven, za učenje preprost uporabniški vmesnik. Cilj bomo pravzaprav dosegli, ko uporabnike ne bodo več potrebovali tega priročnika zato, da bodo mogli delati s KDE, zaradi česar bodo avtorji (neplačani in prostovoljni) izgubili svoje delovno mesto piscev dokumentacije.
Ko zaženete sistem UNIX®, se bi morala zgoditi ena od dveh stvari (če seveda sistem deluje pravilno; vse drugo je nedokumentiran tretji primer). Ali ostanete v tekstovnem (konzolnem) načinu in se znajdete pred prijavno vrstico ali pa se pojavi grafično prijavno okno. V prvem primeru se morate prijaviti in vtipkati:
startx
Če je bila namestitev uspešna, se bi moralo namizje KDE pojaviti po nekaj sekundah.
Če se je pojavilo grafično prijavno okno, potem je vse, kar bi morali vnesti vaše prijavno ime in geslo. Ob pogoju, da je bila namestitev uspešna, bi se moral KDE zagnati brez nadaljnega vmešavanja.
Če tega še niste storili, vam priporočamo spremembo vašega upravljalnika prikaza z xdm na kdm, ki vključuje isto funkcionalnost, vendar z naprednimi zmožnostmi namiznega okolja K.
Ko se je vse pojavilo, si vzemite čas za raziskovanje novega okolja. Če ste že kdaj delali z Windows® 95 ali OS/2 Warp 4 se vam bo mnogo stvari zdelo znanih. Trije glavni deli namizja KDE so namizje samo, pult in opravilna vrstica.
Ko zaženete KDE prvič je pult na dnu zaslona. Od tukaj boste zaganjali programe in preklapljali med navideznimi zasloni.
Gumb K je eden najpomembnejših krajev na namizju KDE. Od tukaj lahko poganjate vse programe KDE, ki so nameščeni. Pozneje, ko se naučite uporabljati K Menu Editor lahko tudi tu dodajate tudi druge programe. Da poženete program, morate le klikniti na gumb. Pojavil se bo seznam različnih kategorij in nekaj dodatnih vnosov. Ko boste premaknili miško preko izbire, ki ima na desni majhno puščico, se bo pojavil nov menu. Ko najdete program, ki ga želite pognati, kliknite nanj z gumbom miške.
Ko prvič poženete KDE boste opazili štiri gumbe, ki so označeni kot Ena, Dva, Tri in Štiri. Ti predstavljajo vaša štiri namizja. Kliknite na enega izmed njih. Ne skrbite; čeprav so “izginila”, so odprta okna še vedno aktivna (le poglejte v seznam opravil!). Uporaba več namizij naenkrat je ena izmed najmočnejših zmožnosti KDE in sistema X Window System®. Namesto postavljanja enega okna preko drugega, kot bi to počeli v Windows® ali OS/2, lahko rečete “No, na prvem namizju bom pisal uporabniški priročnik KDE, na drugem bom pognal prevajalnik sgml2latex in si ogledal rezultate, medtem ko bom na tretjem namizju prevajal Linuxovo jedro in na četrtem bral e-pošto.”
Nekateri ljudje (vključno z mano) so tako leni, da menijo, da sta dva ali celo trije premiki skozi menuje preveč. Zanje se lahko namestijo dodatni gumbi poleg namiznih gumbov; na primer bližnjice v vaš domač imenik, smetnjak, terminalski emulator (Konsole) in dokumenti, ki jih pogosto uporabljate. Za informacije, kako dodati ikone v opravilno vrstico preberite Dodajanje ikon v opravilno vrstico.
KDE privzeto namesti več pogosto uporabljenih gumbov, med drugim povezave do KHelpCenter, KWrite in KControl.
Na skrajnem desnem koncu pulta KDE lahko vedno vidite čas in datum.
V drugem odseku pulta poiščite gumb za vsako odprto okno. Kliknite na gumb, ki ustreza oknu, ki ga želite odpreti. Nadaljen klik bo pomanjšal okno. Klik na gumb miške bo odprl menu, ki omogoča premik okna na drugo namizje, spreminjanje njegove velikosti ali zapiranje programa.
Klik z gumbom miške na naslovni letvi okna (kjer vidite ime programa) lahko vidite menu za upravljanje z okni. To je enak menu, kot ga vidite, če kliknete z gumbom miške na ikono programa v opravilni vrstici pulta. Ko kliknete nanjo, se pojavi kontekstni menu, ki vsebuje ukaze za manipulacijo z okni. Na voljo so naslednji ukazi:
Omogoča premikanje okna z miško. Kliknite z gumbom miške, ko je okno tam, kjer želite, da naj bo.
omogoča povečevanje ali pomanjševanje okna. Premikajte miško naokoli in kliknite, ko ste zadovoljni z novo velikostjo.
Skrije okno in pusti le ikono v opravilni vrstici. Opazili boste, da je naslov okna prikazan v (oklepajih). Da prikličete okno nazaj na namizje, kliknite na naslov okna.
To bo razširilo okno na največjo možno velikost. Upoštevajte, da bo KDE uporabil velikost vašega navideznega namizja, kar pomeni, da je lahko okno večje kot vaš zaslon.
“Zvij” okno, tako da bo ostala vidna le naslovna letev. Enak učinek lahko dosežete z dvojnim klikom na naslovni vrstici. Da se znova prikaže celotno okno izberite ali pa dvojno kliknite na naslovno letev.
Ta izbira bo ohranila okno pred vsemi programi na namizju, tudi če nima fokusa.
Shrani trenutne nastavitve za to okno (položaj, velikost, ali naj vedno ostane na vrhu itd.). Ta nastavitev bo naložena ob naslednjem odprtju okna.
Omogoča vam spreminjanje izgleda in v nekaterih primerih pozicijo vseh oken v KDE. To spremeni gradnike okenskih okraskov, vključno z naslovnimi letvami in tudi potrditvenimi polji in gumbi ter pogovornimi okni, drsniki in naslovno letvijo samo. Privzeto je KDE 2.
Omogoča vam, da pošljete okno na drugo namizje. Izberite namizje, na katerem želite, da je okno. Okno bo takoj izginilo. Da ga znova vidite, izberite ustrezni namizni gumb na pultu. Če izberete bo okno postalo “lepljivo” - izrisano bo na vseh namizjih, tako da ga lahko vedno vidite.
To bo zaprlo okno. Včasih vam bo program dovolil shraniti vaše delo, v nekaterih primerih (npr., pri starih X11 programih) pa to ne dela. Najbolje je zapirati programe z njihovimi lastnimi ukazi, z uporabo tega menuja le kot zadnje možnosti.
Ta gumb je videti kot tuba lepila. Izvede isto operacijo kot izbira v , zahteva pa manj korakov.
Naslovno letev, ki vsebuje ime okna, lahko z dvojnim klikom zvijete. Uporabite gumb miške: se bo ponovno pojavil in vam omogočil povečanje, pomanjšanje, premikanje, spreminjanje velikosti, odlepljenje okna, premik na drugo namizje (dela hitreje kot metoda z lepljivim gumbom). Ko se program ne odziva, ga lahko zaprete (kar vam bo včasih ponudilo možnost, da shranite vaše delo).
Na skrajni desni strani naslovne letve sta dva gumba, ki se lahko uporabljata za ikoniziranje in razpenjanje okna (to je hitreje kot uporaba menujev za manipulacijo ikon). Pomanjšana (ikonizirana) okna se lahko povrnejo s klikom na opravilni vrstici.
Na skrajni levi strani naslovne vrstice (pri privzetih okraskih oken) je gumb za zapiranje okna.
Da premaknete okno postavite kurzor na naslovno letev in držite gumb miške. Ne da bi ga spustili premaknite okno tja, kamor želite, nato pa spustite gumb miške. Če želite spremeniti velikost okna premaknite kurzor nad rob okna, ki ga želite spremeniti. Ko ste dosegli pravo mesto se bo kurzor spremenil iz puščice v črtico in puščico. Pritisnite gumb miške in povlecite stran, ki jo spreminjate na lokacijo, ki jo želite ter spustite gumb. Upoštevajte da lahko vlečete stranice ali pa kote (kar bo spremenilo velikost v dveh dimenzijah hkrati).
Uporaba menujske vrstice vsakega okna KDE je preprosta. Kliknite na to, kar želite narediti in opravljeno bo.
Pod menujsko vrstico je nabor simbolov za orodja, ki jih lahko uporabite za izvajanje ukazov. Kadarkoli se premaknete nadnje, bo aktivna slika označena. Vendar pa lahko menu za vas naredi še več. Ste opazili teksturiran pas na levi strani menujske in ikonske vrstice? Kliknite z gumbom miške in pojavil se bo kontekstni menu, ki vam bo omogočil, da menu postavite , , ali okna. Lahko ga tudi skrijete z izbiro .
Pomoč je dosegljiva skoraj povsod: na namizju uporabite gumb miške in izberite . Na pultu odprite menu zaganjalca programov in izberite . Vsak KDE program ima menu pomoči. Vsa pomoč je osnovana na HTML, tako da je uporaba sistema pomoči enako preprosta kot uporaba vašega najljubšega spletnega brskalnika!
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Using only what you see, can you get from A to B?
So far, you may be thinking that KDE is little more than another window manager. Relax, and read this chapter, and we'll introduce you to some features that will assure you that KDE is very much more than a window manager — it's a full fledged environment.
Since you do not only have KDE applications installed on your system, you probably know the mess of editing ASCII style configuration files. But in fact, there are a lot of other file types that need to be edited this way. For example, the raw XML™ source for this guide was written ASCII style, as was the source code for the KDE programs themselves. We will now show you how you can use the KWrite facility in KDE to edit ASCII files of your own.
Click on the K icon button and choose . A window showing the contents of your home directory will pop up. To see a more detailed listing of files in your home directory, select from the menu.
On the left hand of the window, a tree view of your file system structure should appear, while on the right hand side, you can see icons for each file in your Home directory, including any “hidden files” — files or directories beginning with a period.
We tried to make the File Manager as easy as possible to use, and if you know other window managers (including those built into other Operating Systems) with integrated file management, many of the following concepts should be familiar to you.
On the top, there is a menu which contains functions to open and close file manager windows. You can also print the current contents.
Want to visit the Internet? There are several paths you can take. You could choose -> (or press Ctrl-O) and enter a URL.
The simplest way however, is to simply type in the address you want to go to in the location bar itself.
For example, if you want to visit the KDE homepage, enter
http://www.kde.org. You can also quickly
transfer files over FTP using this method. KDE is “Internet
ready”, which means that you can load and save files not only
on your local hard disk, but also on remote FTP and other remote
servers that you have write access to. While other operating systems
and desktops make a distinction between local and remote file systems,
KDE does not.
The menu offers functions to select, copy and move files. We will use them later. Already having used the menu, you have probably seen that you can view the content in many different ways. Just play around a bit and see what happens.
You will undoubtedly find the to be extremely useful: Now you can remember virtually any link, be it on the local machine or somewhere on the Internet. KDE's network transparency works both ways, allowing you to treat files and directories on your hard drive as if they were Internet bookmarks.
The menu helps you find the notorious file-that-I-put-somewhere-I-do-not-remember-anymore.
We will now pick one of your configuration files and edit it. First, we must change the directory in the File Manager.
Konqueror started with your home directory as the top of the “tree”. For most day-to-day purposes, this is where you are likely to be working, so it's a practical default. Sometimes you need to see the broader picture though, so the rest of your file system is not far away.
You can quickly display the / or “root” directory
several ways: click the small folder icon beside
the navigation pane to switch to a full filesystem tree, use the
Up arrow on the toolbar above to go to the top of
your filesystem in the right hand pane, or type in
/ in the location bar.
For the purpose of following this guide, press the small blue folder icon beside the navigation pane, so that the navigation pane switches to a full filesystem view. Notice that part of the tree is expanded, and your home directory is still selected. Now you can see how your home directory fits into the whole hierarchy, and your home directory files are still visible in the right hand pane.
Scroll down the navigation pane on the left side of the window
until you find the directory /etc. Double-click
on etc. You will see a long list of files in the
right window.
Some of the files you see here are at the heart of your
operating system, so making permanent changes to them require you to be
the root or superuser.
We're going to practise on a file that won't hurt anything if a
mistake is made, called motd.
Scroll down until you find the file motd
and click on it with the mouse
button. In the , select
. A new menu will pop up. Choose
. Voila!
There are many ways to open a file, and this is just one of them. KWrite is an editor with a simple and probably familiar interface. You could also have navigated down the small tree in the popup dialog to the Editors section, and chosen another editor, or simply double click the file to open it in the default editor.
In the meantime, you have the file
/etc/motd open in KWrite and we're ready to do
some editing.
The more you work with KDE, the more you will notice that most screens and applications look and feel the same. The KWrite menu is a great example of this. Almost every other KDE program has the same menu, allowing you to create new files, open existing files from your local file system or (coming soon) even the web, save them (soon even on the web, too!), print it or mail it to somebody else.
The menu can also be found in most KDE applications, allowing you to cut and paste information between programs. You can also search and replace text. Using the Menu, you can customize the editor in many different ways. For example, you can increase the font size to suit your monitor resolution — and your eyes. Of course, as in any other KDE application, you find a Menu, offering you on-line help whenever you need it.
Most motd files contain useless stuff like
“Do not forget to back up your data” or “Do not
annoy the system manager”. Boring. Let's change the text so
that users logging in get the really important information. You can
navigate through the text using the arrow keys, and mark sections of
text with Shift-Arrowsor by
using the mouse with the button
pressed. Use the Menu to cut and paste
text. Enter whatever you want, or use the following (great) example:
Welcome!
This machine now has KDE installed, providing you with a great,
easy-to-use interface and a consistent Look-and-Feel for all your
applications. For more information on how to get KDE running on your
account, please email the administrator. Now that you have changed the motd file, it
is time to save the file, putting the changes into effect. To do this,
you can use either the Menu, or you can use
the Save Icon on the toolbar.
At this point, reality hits us. You need to have root permission to save the changes to
this file. KDE handles this by asking you for the root password.
You probably don't really want to save this file, so you can press in the password dialog and again in the save dialog.
Finally, finish your work by closing the editor and file manager window. You can do this by clicking the button on the top left of the window, by using the window menu of the title bar, or by choosing ->. Simple and elegant, isn't it?
As with everything in KDE, there are several ways to create a new file. You could open up the file manager, click on an empty space in a directory you own, and choose ->. A new empty file will appear, which you can open just like any other. You can even do this right on the desktop itself.
More often you are already in an application and want to start a new file. Most KDE applications offer a -> menu item, and an icon on the toolbar to complement it. A new empty document will appear that you can immediately begin working in.
Both these approaches have advantages, so use the one that is most practical at the time.
As you have seen in the previous section, working with files is as easy as 1-2-3. However, when you want to copy and move files, the whole copy-and-paste business can get annoying. Don't worry — a procedure called “drag and drop” allows you to copy and move files more quickly and easily.
Before you can start, you will need to open two file manager windows. The simplest way to open a new window is to press the gear wheel button on the right of the icon bar. If you do not see the tree view in the new window, activate it (->).
In the first window, open the /etc folder
and scroll until you see the motd file we
modified in the previous section.
In the second window, open your home directory.
Click on the motd file. Hold your
mouse button and drag your file into
your home directory. Release the mouse
button (this is called dropping the file). You
will be presented three options: ,
and
. will
create a symbolic link to the file, while
and do
exactly what they say. Select . You
should now have a copy of the motd file in your
home directory.
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So far, you have only worked with the tools and programs KDE provides. Undoubtedly, you will want to use other UNIX® programs as well. There are two ways of running them: The quick command line and the terminal.
Pressing Alt+F2 pops up a small window where you can enter a command to run. Please note that you will not see any text output generated from a program started in this manner! This method is only recommended for starting X Window System® based programs or for running tools where you do not need to see or type anything. For other programs, you will still need to use the terminal.
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Everyone has undoubtedly encountered the following problem: You start ftp, log into a great site like ftp.kde.org and start downloading files. It is late in the evening and you shut down your machine after completing the transfer. The next morning, you are at the keyboard again, and you start wondering into which directory you placed the recently transferred files. Using KDE's KFind utility makes finding those lost files a snap.
Starting KFind is simple: Choose in the menu. KFind uses an interface part you probably have not yet met in KDE: tabs. When KFind starts, you see that Name/Location is selected. When you click on Date Range, the tab content changes. Since you have never run a search before, most of the icons on the toolbar and most of the menu entries are disabled. We will change this now.
As long as you know a bit of the file name, searching is
easy. Select the Name/Location tab, and enter the
file name in the Named field. Wildcards may be
used as needed. As a test, type *.tar.gz. By
default, the search begins in your home directory, but you can select
any starting directory you wish by clicking on the Look
in or . To start searching,
press the button. After a moment, a list
of files will appear in the search results window. If they do not
appear, you started the search in the wrong directory, made a spelling
mistake in the Named field, or no files ending
with a .tar.gz extension are located on your
machine.
There are many categories you can use to make your search more precise. The more you know about the file, the better are your chances of finding it.
Here, you can specify that you only want to see files which were last touched in a given period of time. You can also specify that you only want to see files that were touched since a specified number of months or days ago.
If you know that the file was of a special type (e.g., a tar/gzip archive or a jpeg picture), you can tell KFind to find only this type of file.
You can specify text that the file must contain.
If you know the file size, you can limit your search in this regard, as well.
KFind has many more options to refine searches, explore them all!
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Using multiple desktops helps you organize your work. You can place your programs on different desktops, and name the desktops so you know what you do there. This increases and optimizes your workspace. It also helps you when you are surfing the net instead of doing your work and your boss comes in. But, of course, this is rare — at least in the office where I work.
You can switch between desktops by clicking the desktop buttons on the Kicker panel. If you want to rename them, you can do so by double-clicking on them.
You can use windows on multiple desktops. If you want to have a window present everywhere, just click the sticky button on the top-left of the window. To send a window to another desktop, click on the title bar with the mouse button, choose , and select the desktop where you would like the window moved.
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To quit working with KDE, you can use the entry in the menu. You will be asked if you really want to quit KDE. Quitting will close all windows and return you to your console or display manager. For information on how programs can save your work during logout, please read the notes for logging out.
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Grandma, what big eyes you have!
The better to see you!
The more you see, the more efficiently you can use your desktop. KDE gives you the opportunity to make the desktop look and work the way you prefer, enabling you to work faster and more productively. It even gives you the opportunity to be warned if a wolf is trying to eat you, or (if you happen to be a granny) alert you when Little Red Riding Hood is on her way to bring you the goodies. Now that's service.
Before I discovered the Autostart folder, my daily startup
routine with KDE consisted of the following: Start KDE, start
KEdit, start Konsole, start Netscape®, and start KsCD. This
took time I could have spent better. Native KDE programs left open
at the end of a session will save their state and reappear when you
login again, but there are some programs (like Netscape®) that will
not. You can use the Autostart folder for these
programs.
To launch programs when KDE is started, do the following:
Open the Autostart folder. By default this
folder is at $HOME/.kde/share/autostart
Open a Konqueror window and browse to the program you want to add. If you don't know how to do this, it was covered in “Opening a Window Containing Your Home Directory ”
Drag and drop the desired program from the Konqueror window
on to the autostart folder.
When asked, choose to create a
symbolic link rather than a full copy, as this saves a great deal of
disk space.
Repeat the above steps for every program you want started when KDE is launched. Remember, you don't need to add native KDE applications, just leave them open when you log out, and they will open up again as if nothing had happened, the next time you log in to KDE.
Restart KDE if you want to see the autostart function in action.
Your programs should have launched automatically when KDE
restarted. If you want to add something special (e.g., you want to see
a certain web site when your system goes up), read Using templates. The procedures
described there work for any folder, so you can also apply them to
the Autostart folder, as well.
The KDE menu and Kicker are not limited to the setup you find right after installing KDE. The KDE panel is designed to be extended, and there are two main ways of doing that: Adding new programs, and adding shortcut icons.
KDE comes with a great many applications already in the menu.
Depending on your operating system and distribution, this could
include many non-KDE applications. KDE also includes an
application that will search your hard drive for more applications,
and add them to the menu for you. Try pressing Alt+F2 and entering
kappfinder to see it in action —
operation is very straightforward.
Kappfinder is clever enough, but it doesn't know about every application there is. Or perhaps you simply don't want to have all those applications in the menu, and just want to add a single extra program.
To add your favorite programs to the KDE menu, you can use the KDE Menu Editor. To start it, use the menu and choose ->.
A window will open showing the existing menu on the left, and an empty menu entry dialog on the right
For this example, we will be adding an entry for the Gimp under the submenu. If you already have a entry there and don't want a new one, you can still follow through this example, but just don't click the when you are done.
Navigate down the left hand tree to the entry.
Click on it once with the mouse button to expand the entry.
Click the icon labeled New Item in the toolbar, or choose -> in the menu bar.
In the dialog box that pops up, enter the name you want your new
menu entry to have. For this example, enter
Gimp.
Then press in the dialog.
Click on the new menu entry that was created for you under the submenu. The menu entry dialog to the right will now change to be mostly empty, except for the name you already gave.
Fill in an optional Comment. You might
like to put An image editor for the example.
Text entered here will be shown as a tool-tip in the
menu.
Enter in the box labeled Command, the command you would type on the command line to open your application. For this example, this is gimp. You may also enter any optional command line parameters if you wish. You can use this to make a menu entry that always opens a particular document or image, for example. Check the application's documentation to find out more about command line parameters.
If you want the application to operate from a particular directory (for example, for Gimp to begin it's Load Image dialog in a particular place) enter this path in the box labeled Work Path. This is optional.
If you wish to change the icon from the default “unknown”, click on the icon to the right of the dialog, to open a standard KDE icon chooser.
Some applications must be run in a terminal window (for example Pine). If this is the case, check the appropriate check box.
If you want to run your application as a different user, check the box labeled Run as a different user and enter the appropriate user name in the text box.
If you're happy with your menu entry, press . If you would like to start over, press .
And that's all. You now have a new menu entry.
Although KDE is much more comfortable than the average UNIX® window manager, everyone wants a solution for a one-click way to start a program. Later, you will learn how to create links and files on your desktop, but this also has some disadvantages: sometimes all your desktops are filled up with windows, and you cannot reach your icons without minimizing all the windows that cover them. For commonly used programs, you can minimize this problem and speed access by creating shortcut icons on the KDE panel.
To create a shortcut on the Kicker panel, you have some choices: Drag-and-drop, or via a menu.
Postopek 6.3. Adding a shortcut icon with the menu
Click on the K icon and choose ->->.
You will see the top level of the menu again. Go through the menus to find the entry for which you want to create the shortcut, such as or Konqueror. Click on the program you want.
A new icon will appear on the panel. Click on it, and the program will start.
Adding a shortcut icon with drag-and-drop is even simpler - just drag any icon from your desktop, or a Konqueror window, to an empty space on the panel.
What happens when you drag an item to your panel depends on what kind of item it is:
A menu will pop up giving you a choice of or . Choosing the first will create an icon that opens a Konqueror window, starting at this directory, while choosing the latter will open that directory as a menu from the Panel.
It will be copied to the panel.
A link will be made on the panel, leaving the original in place. Clicking on the resulting icon will open that document in the default application.
In any case, if you want to move the icon, click on it using the mouse button and choose Move the icon to the position you want and press the mouse button. If you wish to remove the icon, click on it using the mouse button and choose . You can also move the icon by clicking with the mouse button, and dragging it to it's new location.
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Your desktop can be an efficient place to work. Every time you start KDE, you can see the complete files, folders and URLs which you often use.
There are two ways to create and edit files on your desktop. In
any application, you can say that you want to save your work in the
Desktop subfolder of your home directory. For example, my home
directory is /home/stupiddog,
so my Desktop directory is /home/stupiddog/Desktop. Everything you
save there will be put on your desktop.
If you want to move existing files to your Desktop, the best way to achieve this is to use Konqueror. Open a file manager window and drag the files you need to your desktop. You can choose to copy them if you want to keep all your common stuff on the desktop now, or you can create symbolic links to the real files. Everything you change in the link files will be automatically updated in the originals. For more information on how to use drag & drop and the file manager, see the chapter Moving files with drag & drop.
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Placing files on your desktop may shorten the paths you need to enter. However, sometimes it would be nice if you could start KEdit with a commonly edited file already opened in it. And how often do you find yourself frustrated after browsing through endless lists of bookmarks to find a site you visit often? Wouldn't it be nice if everything necessary to deliver you to that site was done automatically after clicking a single icon?
Templates provide a convenient mechanism for performing tasks such as those outlined above. Templates can also be used to associate particular file extensions with a specific application. When a file ending in a known extension is double-clicked, the application associated with that extension is automatically started. In short, templates help you get the most out of KDE.
Example: You want to put an icon for visiting the KDE web site on your desktop.
click on an empty space in the desktop.
Choose -> from the context menu.
A dialog box will open where you can type in the address you are making a shortcut to.
A new icon will be created on your desktop.
Your new Internet shortcut can be customized like any other shortcut icon. click on the icon and choose , and you can change the icon, or the name of the shortcut as you wish.
MIME Types are very powerful. Employing them, you can easily
customize your system such that clicking on a file of a specific type
starts the application with which that file type has been associated.
For example, all .mod files could
be set to start Noatun, .html
files could open a Konqueror window showing the file, and a
core file can be viewed with the KHexEdit by
simply clicking on the core file.
Although MIME types are very powerful, they are not without
dangers. Playing around with MIME types as the system administrator
(root) can damage a KDE
system so severely that it cannot be restarted! In this example, you will
create your personal MIME style, which is only
relevant for you. It will only affect other users if you copy or move
it to $.KDEDIR/share/mimelnk
To link a certain file type with a particular application:
Make sure the application you want to start this file type has an entry in the menu.
In Konqueror find or make a file with the extension you wish to link.
click on the file, and choose from the context menu, or choose -> in the Konqueror menu bar.
Add file masks for the application by clicking the
button, and entering the file pattern you
want. Remember that UNIX® is case sensitive, so you may need to add
variations - *.mp3 may need
*.MP3 added as well, for example. Add as many
masks as you like in this way.
Add a description if you like. This is optional.
In the section labeled Application Preference Order, press the button. A miniature copy of the menu will open, where you can choose the application you want files of this type to be opened with.
Sometimes, you may want to use a different application to open this file type. For example, you might like to use Kate to open text files you wish to edit, and KEdit for text files that you just want to take a quick peek into. You can add more applications in the same way as you did in the last step, and you can change the preferred order using the and buttons.
If you're satisfied with your choices, you can click the button to save your changes without closing the dialog box. This gives you the opportunity to test in the Konqueror window that your file association is correct. You can choose to save your changes and close the dialog box, or if you have changed your mind and just want to close the dialog box.
Be sure to try your new association by opening a directory containing a file of the type you just selected. Click on the file, and the program needed to edit it should start.
MIME types are a way of describing the contents of files. You may
be used to using file extensions for that purpose, and you may know
that on UNIX® systems the file extension often bear little or no
relation to the contents of the file. On the other hand, it may be
vital - for example, some implementations of gunzip
won't operate on files that aren't named .gz.
MIME types naturally make use of filename patterns, but not
necessarily the extensions - you can set up any filename pattern you
like. For example, if you always want to open any files relating to a
particular client with Kate, and you make a habit of naming the
files with the client's name at the beginning so that they naturally
group in the Konqueror window, then you can set up a filename
pattern that matches
^. Then any
files that have clientname*clientname at the beginning
(the ^ character means “starts
with...”) and without any regard to the rest of the filename.
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Under normal circumstances, deleting a file under UNIX® is
something which cannot be undone. However, with KDE, you can choose
instead of
. This will move the file into the
Trash Folder, which, by
default, is accessible as an icon on your desktop. In the Trash Folder, you can always recover
deleted files. Remember to empty the trashcan now and then by clicking
on it using the right mouse button, then choosing , otherwise you might run out of disk space
because the files still need space. Note, however, that once you empty
the Trash Folder, the files contained therein are
lost forever.
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Everyone can make an omelet with eggs. The trick is to make one with none.
Skoraj vsakdo lahko uporablja KDE zaradi tega so ga razvijalci naredili. Ni kriptičnih in neugotovljivih stikal in malo natavitvenih datotek, ki bi jih morali urejati v načinu ASCII. Obstaja pa nekaj načinov, ki vam omogočajo bolj elegantno opravljanje dela, ki vam prihranijo čas za resnično pomembne stvari, kot je na primer KSirtet.
Preklapljaj med okni
Preklapljaj med namizji
Mini ukazna vrstica
Menu oken
Zapri trenutno okno
Preklopi na željeno namizje
Uničevalec oken (vsako okno, na katerega kliknete, bo uničeno). Če želite ubijalski kurzor preklicati, pritisnite to kombinacijo še enkrat.
To konča KDE (brez shranjevanja!) Uporabite le kot zadnji izhod
Preklopi na naslednjo ločljivost zaslona. Če želite, da bo to delalo, morate pravilno nastaviti strežnik X (X-Server).
Preklopi na prejšnjo ločljivost zaslona. Če želite, da bo to delalo, morate pravilno nastaviti strežnik X (X-Server).
Aktivira in prikliče okno v ospredje.
Pošlje okno v ozadje
Prikaže , če je okno aktivno, sicer ga aktivira.
Zasenči okno (“ga zvije”, tako da je vidna le naslovna vrstica).
Premika okno naokrog.
Spremeni velikost okna.
Premika okno naokrog.
Prikliče okno v ospredje.
Spremeni velikost okna v smeri, v katero povlečete z miško.
Zapre program
Preklaplja med lepljivostjo
Razširi okno čez cel zaslon
Razširi le navpično
Razširi le vodoravno
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Kaj si ti?
Tvoja najhujša nočna mora...
So vprašanja, ki se vedno znova pojavljajo na poštnih seznamih KDE. Da obdržimo promet v mejah (kar olajša branje seznamov), smo jih vključili v ta razdelek. Prosim bodite dovolj uvidevni in jih ne zastavljajte več - pomislite na gornji citat!
| 8.1. | Kaj pomeni “KDE”? |
KDE je kratica, ki pomeni K Desktop Environment, po slovensko namizno okolje K, in je mišljeno kot zbirka majhnih orodij, okenskega in datotečnega upravljalnika in orodij, ki vse to povezujejo. Ustvarjeno je, da vam olajša življenje v UNIX®-u. | |
| 8.2. | Ne morem prevesti paketa xxx |
Vedno se prepričajte, da imate nameščeno zadnjo različico KDE-jevih knjižnic. Programska oprema se nenehno razvija, tako da se lahko v primeru, da uporabljate CVS, odvisnosti spreminjanjo z enega dneva na drugega. Za večino uporabnikov je bolje, če uporabljajo objavljeno različico. Prav tako vam bodo morda pomagali splošni namigi za prevajanje. Drug vir težav pa je lahko ta, da uporabljate program pisan za zelo staro različico KDE, ki je odvisen od zastarelih vključnih (include) datotek. V arhivu izvorne kode poiščite datoteko | |
| 8.3. | Katero različico KDE naj uporabim za stabilno namizje? |
KDE pridobite na različne načine. Že prevedeni binarni paketi v ustreznem formatu (rpm, deb, tgz) z označeno različico (⊀ 3.0) so najboljši način, da vašemu namizju KDE vcepite stabilnost. | |
| 8.4. | Vendar pa sem slišal, da je moja težava/želja “že v CVS”. Želim preizkusiti nove lastnosti, zakaj ne bi poskusil s CVS? |
Cena stabilnosti je, da je potrebno čakati na vsako novo izdajo, da lahko uživate v novih zmožnostih. Nasprotno pa je cena za to, da ste med prvimi, ki vidijo nove zmožnosti, slabša stabilnot. KDE ima precej gost urnik izdaj in njihova stabilnost je še posebnega pomena. Večino uporabnikov KDE, v kolikor ne nameravajo sodelovati pri razvolju, uporaba razvojnih različic ne prinese veliko prednosti. Vendar pa je vedno dovolj prostora za izkušene uporabnike, ki vedo, v kaj se spuščajo in so pripravljeni poročati o najdenih hroščih. Če ste to vi, potem ni razloga, da ne bi poskusili različic CVS. Bodite pripravljeni, da se lahko stvari občasno sesujejo, CVS vam namreč da posnetek kode, na kateri se trenutno dela. To so dnevni posnetki vsega, na čemer delajo razvijalci in nekatere stvari so zanesljivo pokvarjene. PozorNe zanašajte se na posnetke CVS, da bi vzdrežavali delujoča namizja. Lahko se boste hudo opekli! |
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Oglejte si spletno stran KDE, kjer najdete najnovejše informacije o KDE, ki so dosegljive v spletu. Morda se boste želeli prijaviti (naročiti) v katerega izmed naših poštnih seznamov.
Pošljite e-pošto na naveden naslov s subscribe vaš e-poštni naslov v predmetu (subject) sporočila, da se tako prijavite:
splošna poštna lista KDE, (kde-request AT kde.org) |
poštna lista razvijalcev KDE, (kde-devel-request AT kde.org) |
razprave o izgledu KDE (look and feel), (kde-look-request AT kde.org) |
KDE naznanila, (kde-announce-request AT kde.org) |
vprašanja o licenci KDE, (kde-licensing-request AT kde.org) |
uporabniška poštna lista, (kde-user-request AT kde.org) |
lista piscev dokumentacije KDE, (kde-doc-request AT kde.org) |
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She had her moments, she had some style, the best show in town was the crowd, outside the Casa Rosada crying 'Eva Peron'; but that's all gone now...
Upamo, da se vam je zdel ta dokument uporaben, informativen in morda celo zabaven. Sledeče stvari niso potrebne za razumevanje namiznega okolja K (KDE), vendar pa jih boste morda vseeno želeli prebrati.
Ta uporabniški priročnik je osvežila za 3.0 in ga tudi vzdržuje Lauri Watts (vampyr AT atconnex.net)
K temu dokumentu so prispevali še mnogi drugi.
Pablo de Vicente (vicente AT oan.es), ki je osvežil razdelek, ki opisuje nameščanje KDE 2.0 v Debianu.
Andreas Buschka (andi AT circe.tops.net)
Robert D. Williams (rwilliam AT kde.org)
Poul Gerhard
John Waalkes
Vernon Wells
Kay Lutz
Stephan Kulow
KDE je ogromen projekt in vsak, ki podpira KDE je to že spoznal. Vsi se zelo trudimo, da bi ustvarili uporabniški vmesnik, ki je preprost za uporabo in ima morda potencial, da naredi UNIX primeren za namizne PC-je. Imate možnost sodelovati v tem projektu in bili bi zelo hvaležni, če bi. Razvijalci in zainteresirani uporabniki komunicirajo preko večih poštnih list opisanih v “Drugi viri pomoči ”. Če želite pomagati, prosim ne oklevajte! Še vedno iščemo ljudi, ki so pripravljeni pomagati v naslednjih oddelkih:
Razvoj (knjižnice in programi)
Dokumentacija
Grafika
Beta testiranje
in seveda vse ostalo :-)
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Ta dokument vsebuje avtorsko zaščiten material naslednjih avtorjev: Andreasa Buschke, Gerharda Poula, Roberta Davida Williamsa. Vse zaščitne znamkeregistrirana imena, ki so bile omenjene so last njihovih zakonitih lastnikov.
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Med pisanjem te knjige so avtorji uporabljali naslednje vire informacij:
Poštne liste KDE
Razne datoteke README in HTML datoteke sistema pomoči, ki so bile na voljo s komponentami KDE
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Pogoji uporabe programa so določeni v GNU General Public License.
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V distribuciji kdebase lahko najdete spodaj naštete programe.
Stabilne različice imajo relativno malo hroščev in so na voljo v izvorni kodi in binarnih formatih.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/stable/latest/distribution/stable
Nestabilne različice se spreminjajo dnevno in so na voljo le v obliki izvorne kode, kar pomeni, da jih morate prevesti, da dobite delujočo različico. Zavedajte se, da so nestabilne in se morda sploh ne dajo prevesti. Če imate težave z nestabilnim programom, poročajte o njih in po vsej verjetnosti bo v prihodnjem posnetku odpravljen.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/unstable/CVS/snapshots/current
KDE-jev lastni okenski upravljalnik
Brskajte z enako lahkoto po spletu, vašem disku ali FTP strani.
KDE pult, ki vključuje opravilno vrstico, pager, uro in menu .
Zelo nastavljiv X terminalski emulator.
Zmogljiv urejevalnik besedil, ki zna barvati skladnjo, ponuja upravljanje projektov in še veliko več.
Osnoven urejevalnik besedil, ki pa še vedno zna barvati skladnjo in ima veliko zmožnosti.
Odložišče z razliko - prilagodite lahko različna dejanja osnovana na stvareh, ki jih prepisujete.
Namizje samo.
KDE-jevo lastno središče pomoči, ki je sposobno brskati po straneh man in info.
KDE-jev upravljalnik prijav
Nadzorni pult (središče). Skoraj vse, kar se da v KDE prilagoditi lahko prilagodite od tu - v KDE pa lahko prilagodite svojemu okusu skoraj vse.
Zelo prilagodljiv urejevalnik besedil, ki zna barvati skladnjo (C/C++, HTML...).
Pripomoček za dodajanje ne-KDE programov v vaš menu , ki vam prihrani ročno opravljanje tega.
Vsi imajo radi ohranjevalnike zaslonov in KDE vam pri tem pomaga.
Omrežno usposobljen sistemski monitor, ki vključuje dodano funkcionalnost ukaza top
Čarovnik Kandalf vam daje nasvete in zanimive informacije.
Preuredite menu s tem pripomočkom.
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V distribuciji kdeadmin lahko najdete spodaj naštete programe.
Stabilne različice imajo relativno malo hroščev in so na voljo v izvorni kodi in binarnih formatih.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/stable/latest/distribution/stable
Nestabilne različice se spreminjajo dnevno in so na voljo le v obliki izvorne kode, kar pomeni, da jih morate prevesti, da dobite delujočo različico. Zavedajte se, da so nestabilne in se morda sploh ne dajo prevesti. Če imate težave z nestabilnim programom, poročajte o njih in po vsej verjetnosti bo v prihodnjem posnetku odpravljen.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/unstable/CVS/snapshots/current
KDE doda Cronovim sposobnostim razporejanja opravil lep in intuitiven grafični vmesnik.
Grafični upravljalnik uporabnikov (za delovanje zahteva administratorske (root) privilegije)
Vzdržujte vaš sistem na zadnjem nivoju s KDE-jevim lastnim upravljalnikom paketov.
Pripomoček za varnostne kopije namenjen lastnikom tračnih enot.
Urejevalnik SysV-Init, ki vam pomaga ohranjati organiziran zagon računalnika.
Grafičen vmesnik za nastavitev wuftpd FTP demona.
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You can get the following applications in the kdegames distributions.
Stable applications are relatively bug free and come in source and binary formats.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/stable/latest/distribution/stable
Unstable versions change daily and are only in source form, meaning you must compile them to get a working version. Remember these are unstable and might not even compile. If you have a problem with an unstable application, report the problem and it will most likely be fixed in a future snapshot.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/unstable/CVS/snapshots/current
A Network enabled board game you can play against the computer or against another player on your network.
A little space shoot-em-up.
A perplexing little logic puzzle game, where you get to build your own molecules.
A KDE rewrite of the classic Emacs blackbox game.
Backgammon, the KDE way.
A tactical one or two player game that's harder than it looks.
The classic tile matching game.
Find the mines without making them explode.
Expand your interstellar empire across the galaxy and of course, crush your rivals in the process.
No computer is complete without Patience.
A KDE version of those addictive one armed bandits.
A KDE version of the classic game.
Addictive little logic game.
Another tile matching game.
Play either a version of Tetris, or the well known (in Japan) game Puyo-Puyo.
A slightly different from the norm Tetris clone.
The classic nibbles game gets an update and a speed boost.
Push those crates to get where you need to go.
Shoot your enemy down, in a challenging two player arcade game.
Classic keep-away - keep away from your foe, the walls, and your own tail.
One for the little ones, who could resist the potato guy?
A tricky card game
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V distribuciji kdepim lahko najdete spodaj naštete programe.
Stabilne različice imajo relativno malo hroščev in so na voljo v izvorni kodi in binarnih formatih.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/stable/latest/distribution/stable
Nestabilne različice se spreminjajo dnevno in so na voljo le v obliki izvorne kode, kar pomeni, da jih morate prevesti, da dobite delujočo različico. Zavedajte se, da so nestabilne in se morda sploh ne dajo prevesti. Če imate težave z nestabilnim programom, poročajte o njih in po vsej verjetnosti bodo v prihodnjem posnetku odpravljene.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/unstable/CVS/snapshots/current
Organizirajte si čas s tem priročnim koledarjem, dnevnikom in razporejevalnikom opravil.
Pripomoček za sinhronizacijo vašega PalmPilot™a s PC-jem.
Demon, ki pazi na vaše sestanke v koledarju in odjemalec, ki poskrbi, da jih ne zgrešite.
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V distribuciji kdegraphics lahko najdete naslednje, spodaj naštete programe.
Stabilne različice imajo relativno malo hroščev in so na voljo v izvorni kodi in binarnih formatih.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/stable/latest/distribution/stable
Nestabilne različice se spreminjajo dnevno in so na voljo le v obliki izvorne kode, kar pomeni, da jih morate prevesti, da dobite delujočo različico. Zavedajte se, da so nestabilne in se morda sploh ne dajo prevesti. Če imate težave z nestabilnim programom, poročajte o njih in po vsej verjetnosti bodo v prihodnjem posnetku odpravljene.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/unstable/CVS/snapshots/current
Hiter in zmogljiv pregledovalnik slik
Pripomoček za snemanje zaslonov.
Majhen generator fraktalov.
Zmogljiv preglejevalnik slik, sposoben prikazati mnoge formate.
KDE-jev lastni preglejevalnik PostScript®a.
Pripomočka za ogled in ravnanje s faksi.
Pregledovalnik DVI.
Zaslonsko ravnilo; je zelo uporabno za delo s slikami ali stranmi HTML.
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V distribuciji kdemultimedia lahko najdete spodaj naštete programe.
Stabilne različice imajo relativno malo hroščev in so na voljo v izvorni kodi in binarnih formatih.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/stable/latest/distribution/stable
Nestabilne različice se spreminjajo dnevno in so na voljo le v obliki izvorne kode, kar pomeni, da jih morate prevesti, da dobite delujočo različico. Zavedajte se, da so nestabilne in se morda sploh ne dajo prevesti. Če imate težave z nestabilnim programom, poročajte o njih in po vsej verjetnosti bodo v prihodnjem posnetku odpravljene.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/unstable/CVS/snapshots/current
Pult mešalne mize
Predvajalnik za filme in animacije s podporo za mnoge formate.
Predvajalnik zvočnih datotek, s podporo mnogim formatom, seznamom za predvajanje in celo videom.
Lahek, prilagodljiv enopotezni večpredstavnostni predvajalnik - brez seznamov, olepšav, ki bi ga upočasnile, le hitro predvaja eno samo datoteko.
KDE-jev predvajalnik CD, s podporo CDDB.
Predvajalnik MIDI s podporo za petje.. vaš lasten predvajalnik Karaoke!
Prijetno zveneč a procesorsko zahteven predvajalnik MIDI
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V distribuciji kdenetwork lahko najdete naslednje, spodaj naštete programe.
Stabilne različice imajo relativno malo hroščev in so na voljo v izvorni kodi in binarnih formatih.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/stable/latest/distribution/stable
Nestabilne različice se spreminjajo dnevno in so na voljo le v obliki izvorne kode, kar pomeni, da jih morate prevesti, da dobite delujočo različico. Zavedajte se, da so nestabilne in se morda sploh ne dajo prevesti. Če imate težave z nestabilnim programom, poročajte o njih in po vsej verjetnosti bodo v prihodnjem posnetku odpravljene.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/unstable/CVS/snapshots/current
Zmogljiv e-poštni odjemalec, ki omogoča uporabo več strežnikov in različnih identitet.
Zmogljiv novičarski odjemalec s podporo za več NNTP strežnikov.
Odjemalec AOL Instant Messenger, uporablja protokol TOC .
Odjemalec IRC
Vstavek Biff. Korn preverja, ali je prispela nova pošta in vam pove, ko je na voljo za nalaganje z vašega strežnika.
Program za klicanje interneta.
Uporabniki v mreži, ki uporabljajo klasični program talk, lahko celo v KDE še vedno pritegnejo vašo pozornost z uporabo KTalkd;
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V distribuciji kdeutils lahko najdete naslednje programe.
Stabilne različice imajo relativno malo hroščev in so na voljo v izvorni kodi in binarnih formatih.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/stable/latest/distribution/stable
Nestabilne različice se spreminjajo dnevno in so na voljo le v obliki izvorne kode, kar pomeni, da jih morate prevesti, da dobite delujočo različico. Zavedajte se, da so nestabilne in se morda sploh ne dajo prevesti. Če imate težave z nestabilnim programom, poročajte o njih in po vsej verjetnosti bodo v prihodnjem posnetku odpravljene.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/unstable/CVS/snapshots/current
Izbirnik znakov (prikaže vse znake, ki so na voljo v določeni pisavi, vključno s tistimi, za katere na vaši tipkovnici nimate tipk)
KDE-jev vmesnik za UNIX®-ov ukaz passwd.
KDE-jev vmesnik za ukaz ssh.
KDE-jev vmesnik za pripomoček df, z dodano funkcionalnostjo
Program, ki omogoča formatiranje disket.
Majhen, preprost urejevalnik, podoben dobro znanemu Notepadu. Primeren je za urejevanje majhnih besedil ali kot preprost pregledovalnik tekstovnih datotek.
Časovni sledilnik. Vnesete lahko seznam “opravil”, poženete KArmovo uro in beležil bo čas, ki ste ga porabili za označeno opravilo.
Celovit binarni urejevalnik
Majhen program, ki skrbi za beležke.
Ponuja nadzor na akumulatorejm vašega prenosnika
Nadzorni pult za HP® LaserJet
Klpq je vmesnik za lpq, lprm in lpc.
Uporaben in lep pripomoček za beležke.
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You can get the following applications in the kdeedu distributions.
Stable applications are relatively bug free and come in source and binary formats.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/stable/latest/distribution/stable
Unstable versions change daily and are only in source form, meaning you must compile them to get a working version. Remember these are unstable and might not even compile. If you have a problem with an unstable application, report the problem and it will most likely be fixed in a future snapshot.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/unstable/CVS/snapshots/current
Very small children can learn the alphabet, using audio and/or visual cues.
A simple mind-training game, in which you have to “figure out” the word that has been given in the program.
A program to help you learn to touch type.
An educational project to allow the creation and revision of form based tests/exams.
Put a planetarium on your desktop. KStars contains a huge amount of reference material, and includes the ability to download photographs of items you see in the heavens.
Even geometry is fun with KGeo.
Learning another language is easier with KVocTrain to practise and expand your vocabulary.
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You can get the following applications in the kdetoys distributions.
Stable applications are relatively bug free and come in source and binary formats.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/stable/latest/distribution/stable
Unstable versions change daily and are only in source form, meaning you must compile them to get a working version. Remember these are unstable and might not even compile. If you have a problem with an unstable application, report the problem and it will most likely be fixed in a future snapshot.
ftp.kde.org/pub/kde/unstable/CVS/snapshots/current
Some little applets to put the fifteen game and some spooky eyes on your panel.
Words of wisdom, based on the date.
Put the moon in your panel, and keep up with it's phases.
Ever wondered how far your mouse travels in a day? Wonder no more.
Sports fans can keep up with the latest scores for their favorite team with KScore.
The one application no KDE developer would be without, it reminds you when the beverage that fuels KDE is ready to drink.
Get up to date weather forecasts from your nearest weather station, no matter where you are in the world. Or maybe keep an eye on your next holiday destination.
Watch as time marches across the world with this nifty applet.
The Linux® penguin Tux takes to space in this screensaver.
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