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+#
+# Copyright (c) 2001 by Jim Menard <jimm@io.com>
+#
+# Released under the same license as Ruby. See
+# http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/LICENSE.txt.
+#
+
+require 'Triangle'
+
+class Graphics
+
+ DEFAULT_SPHERE_ITERATIONS = 3
+
+ XPLUS = Point.new(1, 0, 0) # X
+ XMINUS = Point.new(-1, 0, 0)# -X
+ YPLUS = Point.new(0, 1, 0) # Y
+ YMINUS = Point.new(0, -1, 0)# -Y
+ ZPLUS = Point.new(0, 0, 1) # Z
+ ZMINUS = Point.new(0, 0, -1)# -Z
+
+ # defined w/counter-clockwise triangles
+ OCTAHEDRON = [
+ Triangle.new(YPLUS, ZPLUS, XPLUS),
+ Triangle.new(XMINUS, ZPLUS, YPLUS),
+ Triangle.new(YMINUS, ZPLUS, XMINUS),
+ Triangle.new(XPLUS, ZPLUS, YMINUS),
+ Triangle.new(ZMINUS, YPLUS, XPLUS),
+ Triangle.new(ZMINUS, XMINUS , YPLUS),
+ Triangle.new(ZMINUS, YMINUS , XMINUS),
+ Triangle.new(ZMINUS, XPLUS, YMINUS)
+ ]
+ # Defines counter-clockwise points used in OpenGL TRIANGLE_STRIP to
+ # create a circle on the X/Z plane. Don't include center point here;
+ # It is added when outputting the circle.
+ SQUARE = [
+ XPLUS, ZMINUS, XMINUS, ZPLUS, XPLUS
+ ]
+
+ @@spheres = Hash.new()
+ @@circles = Hash.new()
+
+ def Graphics.radiansToDegrees(rad)
+ return rad * 180.0 / Math::PI
+ end
+
+ def Graphics.degreesToRadians(deg)
+ return deg * Math::PI / 180.0
+ end
+
+ # Given a vector, return a point containing x, y, z rotation angles.
+ #
+ # atan2(x, y) = the angle formed with the x axis by the ray from the
+ # origin to the point {x,y}
+ def Graphics.rotations(v)
+ return Point::ORIGIN.dup() if v.nil?
+ return v if v == Point::ORIGIN
+
+ x = Math.atan2(v.y, v.z)
+ y = Math.atan2(v.z, v.x)
+ z = Math.atan2(v.y, v.x)
+
+ rot = Point.new(z, x, y)
+ rot.add(Math::PI).multiplyBy(180.0).divideBy(Math::PI)
+
+ rot.x = rot.x.to_i
+ rot.y = rot.y.to_i
+ rot.z = rot.z.to_i
+
+ return rot
+ end
+
+ # Build box from corners. All faces are counter-clockwise.
+ def Graphics.boxFromCorners(p0, p1)
+ pa = p0.dup()
+ pb = p1.dup()
+
+ # Make sure all coords of pa are < all coords of pb
+ if pa.x > pb.x
+ tmp = pa.x; pa.x = pb.x; pb.x = tmp
+ end
+ if pa.y > pb.y
+ tmp = pa.y; pa.y = pb.y; pb.y = tmp
+ end
+ if pa.z > pb.z
+ tmp = pa.z; pa.z = pb.z; pb.z = tmp
+ end
+
+ Begin(QUAD_STRIP)
+
+ # top
+ Vertex(pb.x, pb.y, pa.z)
+ Vertex(pa.x, pb.y, pa.z)
+ # top/front
+ Vertex(pb.x, pb.y, pb.z)
+ Vertex(pa.x, pb.y, pb.z)
+ # front/bottom
+ Vertex(pb.x, pa.y, pb.z)
+ Vertex(pa.x, pa.y, pb.z)
+ # bottom/back
+ Vertex(pb.x, pa.y, pa.z)
+ Vertex(pa.x, pa.y, pa.z)
+ # back/top
+ Vertex(pb.x, pb.y, pa.z)
+ Vertex(pa.x, pb.y, pa.z)
+
+ End()
+
+ Begin(QUADS)
+
+ # left
+ Vertex(pa.x, pa.y, pb.z)
+ Vertex(pa.x, pa.y, pa.z)
+ Vertex(pa.x, pb.y, pa.z)
+ Vertex(pa.x, pb.y, pb.z)
+
+ # right
+ Vertex(pb.x, pa.y, pb.z)
+ Vertex(pb.x, pa.y, pa.z)
+ Vertex(pb.x, pb.y, pa.z)
+ Vertex(pb.x, pb.y, pb.z)
+
+ End()
+ end
+
+ # sphere() (and buildSphere()) - generate a triangle mesh approximating
+ # a sphere by recursive subdivision. First approximation is an
+ # octahedron; each level of refinement increases the number of
+ # triangles by a factor of 4.
+ #
+ # Level 3 (128 triangles) is a good tradeoff if gouraud shading is used
+ # to render the database.
+ #
+ # Usage: sphere [level] [counterClockwise]
+ #
+ # The value level is an integer >= 1 setting the recursion level
+ # (default = DEFAULT_SPHERE_ITERATIONS).
+ # The boolean counterClockwise causes triangles to be generated
+ # with vertices in counterclockwise order as viewed from
+ # the outside in a RHS coordinate system. The default is
+ # counter-clockwise.
+ #
+ # @author Jon Leech (leech@cs.unc.edu) 3/24/89 (C version)
+ # Ruby version by Jim Menard (jimm@io.com), May 2001.
+ def Graphics.sphere(iterations = DEFAULT_SPHERE_ITERATIONS,
+ counterClockwise = true)
+ if @@spheres[iterations].nil?
+ @@spheres[iterations] = buildSphere(iterations, OCTAHEDRON)
+ end
+ sphere = @@spheres[iterations]
+
+ Begin(TRIANGLES)
+ sphere.each { | triangle |
+ triangle.points.each { | p |
+ Vertex(p.x, p.y, p.z) if counterClockwise
+ Vertex(p.z, p.y, p.x) if !counterClockwise
+ }
+ }
+ End()
+ end
+
+ #
+ # Subdivide each triangle in the oldObj approximation and normalize
+ # the new points thus generated to lie on the surface of the unit
+ # sphere.
+ # Each input triangle with vertices labelled [0,1,2] as shown
+ # below will be turned into four new triangles:
+ #
+ # Make new points
+ # a = (0+2)/2
+ # b = (0+1)/2
+ # c = (1+2)/2
+ # 1
+ # /\ Normalize a, b, c
+ # / \
+ # b/____\ c Construct new counter-clockwise triangles
+ # /\ /\ [a,b,0]
+ # / \ / \ [c,1,b]
+ # /____\/____\ [c,b,a]
+ # 0 a 2 [2,c,a]
+ #
+ #
+ # The normalize step (which makes each point a, b, c unit distance
+ # from the origin) is where we can modify the sphere's shape.
+ #
+ def Graphics.buildSphere(iterations, sphere)
+ oldObj = sphere
+ # Subdivide each starting triangle (maxlevel - 1) times
+ iterations -= 1
+ iterations.times {
+ # Create a new object. Allocate 4 * the number of points in the
+ # the current approximation.
+ newObj = Array.new(oldObj.length * 4)
+
+ j = 0
+ oldObj.each { | oldt |
+ # New midpoints
+ a = Point.midpoint(oldt.points[0], oldt.points[2])
+ a.normalize!()
+ b = Point.midpoint(oldt.points[0], oldt.points[1])
+ b.normalize!()
+ c = Point.midpoint(oldt.points[1], oldt.points[2])
+ c.normalize!()
+
+ # New triangeles. Their vertices are counter-clockwise.
+ newObj[j] = Triangle.new(a, b, oldt.points[0])
+ j += 1
+ newObj[j] = Triangle.new(c, oldt.points[1], b)
+ j += 1
+ newObj[j] = Triangle.new(c, b, a)
+ j += 1
+ newObj[j] = Triangle.new(oldt.points[2], c, a)
+ j += 1
+ }
+
+ # Continue subdividing new triangles
+ oldObj = newObj
+ }
+ return oldObj
+ end
+
+ # Creates a circle in the X/Z plane. To have the circle's normal
+ # point down (-Y), specify clockwise instead of counter-clockwise.
+ # To create the circle in another plane, call OpenGL's Rotate() method
+ # before calling this.
+ def Graphics.circle(iterations = DEFAULT_SPHERE_ITERATIONS,
+ counterClockwise = true)
+ if @@circles[iterations].nil?
+ @@circles[iterations] = buildCircle(iterations, SQUARE)
+ end
+ circle = @@circles[iterations]
+
+ Begin(TRIANGLE_FAN)
+ Vertex(0, 0, 0)
+ if counterClockwise
+ circle.each { | p | Vertex(p.x, 0, p.z) }
+ else
+ circle.reverse.each { | p | Vertex(p.x, 0, p.z) }
+ end
+ End()
+ end
+
+ # Different than buildSphere because we are creating triangles to
+ # be used in an OpenGL TRIANGLE_FAN operation. Thus the first point
+ # (the center) is always inviolate. We create new points between
+ # the remaining points.
+ def Graphics.buildCircle(iterations, circle)
+ oldObj = circle
+ # Subdivide each starting line segment (maxlevel - 1) times
+ iterations -= 1
+ iterations.times {
+ # Create a new object. Allocate 2 * the number of points in the
+ # the current approximation. Subtract one because the last point
+ # (same as the first point) is simply copied.
+ newObj = Array.new(oldObj.length * 2 - 1)
+
+ prevP = nil
+ j = 0
+ oldObj.each { | p |
+ if !prevP.nil?
+ newObj[j] = prevP
+ j += 1
+
+ # New midpoint
+ a = Point.midpoint(prevP, p)
+ a.normalize!()
+ newObj[j] = a
+ j += 1
+ end
+ prevP = p
+ }
+ newObj[j] = prevP # Copy last point
+
+ # Continue subdividing new triangles
+ oldObj = newObj
+ }
+ return oldObj
+ end
+end
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