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-rw-r--r--languages/cpp/doc/libc.toc1252
-rw-r--r--languages/cpp/doc/libstdc++.toc94
2 files changed, 478 insertions, 868 deletions
diff --git a/languages/cpp/doc/libc.toc b/languages/cpp/doc/libc.toc
index 1503a46d..0305627c 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/doc/libc.toc
+++ b/languages/cpp/doc/libc.toc
@@ -1,858 +1,402 @@
<!DOCTYPE tdeveloptoc>
<tdeveloptoc>
-<title>LIBC (umn.edu)</title>
-<base href="http://epoxy.mrs.umn.edu/doc/glibc-doc/html/"/>
-<tocsect1 name="1. Introduction" url="chapters_1.html#SEC1">
- <tocsect2 name="1.1 Getting Started" url="chapters_1.html#SEC2"/>
- <tocsect2 name="1.2 Standards and Portability" url="chapters_1.html#SEC3">
- <tocsect3 name="1.2.1 ISO C" url="chapters_1.html#SEC4"/>
- <tocsect3 name="1.2.2 POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)" url="chapters_1.html#SEC5"/>
- <tocsect3 name="1.2.3 Berkeley Unix" url="chapters_1.html#SEC6"/>
- <tocsect3 name="1.2.4 SVID (The System V Interface Description)" url="chapters_1.html#SEC7"/>
- <tocsect3 name="1.2.5 XPG (The X/Open Portability Guide)" url="chapters_1.html#SEC8"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="1.3 Using the Library" url="chapters_1.html#SEC9">
- <tocsect3 name="1.3.1 Header Files" url="chapters_1.html#SEC10"/>
- <tocsect3 name="1.3.2 Macro Definitions of Functions" url="chapters_1.html#SEC11"/>
- <tocsect3 name="1.3.3 Reserved Names" url="chapters_1.html#SEC12"/>
- <tocsect3 name="1.3.4 Feature Test Macros" url="chapters_1.html#SEC13"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="1.4 Roadmap to the Manual" url="chapters_1.html#SEC14"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="2. Error Reporting" url="chapters_2.html#SEC15">
- <tocsect2 name="2.1 Checking for Errors" url="chapters_2.html#SEC16"/>
- <tocsect2 name="2.2 Error Codes" url="chapters_2.html#SEC17"/>
- <tocsect2 name="2.3 Error Messages" url="chapters_2.html#SEC18"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="3. Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging" url="chapters_3.html#SEC19">
- <tocsect2 name="3.1 Process Memory Concepts" url="chapters_3.html#SEC20"/>
- <tocsect2 name="3.2 Allocating Storage For Program Data" url="chapters_3.html#SEC21">
- <tocsect3 name="3.2.1 Memory Allocation in C Programs" url="chapters_3.html#SEC22">
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.1.1 Dynamic Memory Allocation" url="chapters_3.html#SEC23"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="3.2.2 Unconstrained Allocation" url="chapters_3.html#SEC24">
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.2.1 Basic Memory Allocation" url="chapters_3.html#SEC25"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.2.2 Examples of malloc" url="chapters_3.html#SEC26"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.2.3 Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc" url="chapters_3.html#SEC27"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.2.4 Changing the Size of a Block" url="chapters_3.html#SEC28"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.2.5 Allocating Cleared Space" url="chapters_3.html#SEC29"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.2.6 Efficiency Considerations for malloc" url="chapters_3.html#SEC30"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.2.7 Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks" url="chapters_3.html#SEC31"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.2.8 Malloc Tunable Parameters" url="chapters_3.html#SEC32"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.2.9 Heap Consistency Checking" url="chapters_3.html#SEC33"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.2.10 Memory Allocation Hooks" url="chapters_3.html#SEC34"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.2.11 Statistics for Memory Allocation with malloc" url="chapters_3.html#SEC35"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.2.12 Summary of malloc-Related Functions" url="chapters_3.html#SEC36"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="3.2.3 Allocation Debugging" url="chapters_3.html#SEC37">
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.3.1 How to install the tracing functionality" url="chapters_3.html#SEC38"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.3.2 Example program excerpts" url="chapters_3.html#SEC39"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.3.3 Some more or less clever ideas" url="chapters_3.html#SEC40"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.3.4 Interpreting the traces" url="chapters_3.html#SEC41"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="3.2.4 Obstacks" url="chapters_3.html#SEC42">
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.4.1 Creating Obstacks" url="chapters_3.html#SEC43"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.4.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks" url="chapters_3.html#SEC44"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.4.3 Allocation in an Obstack" url="chapters_3.html#SEC45"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.4.4 Freeing Objects in an Obstack" url="chapters_3.html#SEC46"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.4.5 Obstack Functions and Macros" url="chapters_3.html#SEC47"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.4.6 Growing Objects" url="chapters_3.html#SEC48"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.4.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects" url="chapters_3.html#SEC49"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.4.8 Status of an Obstack" url="chapters_3.html#SEC50"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.4.9 Alignment of Data in Obstacks" url="chapters_3.html#SEC51"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.4.10 Obstack Chunks" url="chapters_3.html#SEC52"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.4.11 Summary of Obstack Functions" url="chapters_3.html#SEC53"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="3.2.5 Automatic Storage with Variable Size" url="chapters_3.html#SEC54">
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.5.1 alloca Example" url="chapters_3.html#SEC55"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.5.2 Advantages of alloca" url="chapters_3.html#SEC56"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.5.3 Disadvantages of alloca" url="chapters_3.html#SEC57"/>
- <tocsect4 name="3.2.5.4 GNU C Variable-Size Arrays" url="chapters_3.html#SEC58"/>
- </tocsect3>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="3.3 Resizing the Data Segment" url="chapters_3.html#SEC59"/>
- <tocsect2 name="3.4 Locking Pages" url="chapters_3.html#SEC60">
- <tocsect3 name="3.4.1 Why Lock Pages" url="chapters_3.html#SEC61"/>
- <tocsect3 name="3.4.2 Locked Memory Details" url="chapters_3.html#SEC62"/>
- <tocsect3 name="3.4.3 Functions To Lock And Unlock Pages" url="chapters_3.html#SEC63"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="4. Character Handling" url="chapters_4.html#SEC64">
- <tocsect2 name="4.1 Classification of Characters" url="chapters_4.html#SEC65"/>
- <tocsect2 name="4.2 Case Conversion" url="chapters_4.html#SEC66"/>
- <tocsect2 name="4.3 Character class determination for wide characters" url="chapters_4.html#SEC67"/>
- <tocsect2 name="4.4 Notes on using the wide character classes" url="chapters_4.html#SEC68"/>
- <tocsect2 name="4.5 Mapping of wide characters." url="chapters_4.html#SEC69"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="5. String and Array Utilities" url="chapters_5.html#SEC70">
- <tocsect2 name="5.1 Representation of Strings" url="chapters_5.html#SEC71"/>
- <tocsect2 name="5.2 String and Array Conventions" url="chapters_5.html#SEC72"/>
- <tocsect2 name="5.3 String Length" url="chapters_5.html#SEC73"/>
- <tocsect2 name="5.4 Copying and Concatenation" url="chapters_5.html#SEC74"/>
- <tocsect2 name="5.5 String/Array Comparison" url="chapters_5.html#SEC75"/>
- <tocsect2 name="5.6 Collation Functions" url="chapters_5.html#SEC76"/>
- <tocsect2 name="5.7 Search Functions" url="chapters_5.html#SEC77">
- <tocsect3 name="5.7.1 Compatibility String Search Functions" url="chapters_5.html#SEC78"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="5.8 Finding Tokens in a String" url="chapters_5.html#SEC79"/>
- <tocsect2 name="5.9 strfry" url="chapters_5.html#SEC80"/>
- <tocsect2 name="5.10 Trivial Encryption" url="chapters_5.html#SEC81"/>
- <tocsect2 name="5.11 Encode Binary Data" url="chapters_5.html#SEC82"/>
- <tocsect2 name="5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors" url="chapters_5.html#SEC83">
- <tocsect3 name="5.12.1 Argz Functions" url="chapters_5.html#SEC84"/>
- <tocsect3 name="5.12.2 Envz Functions" url="chapters_5.html#SEC85"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="6. Character Set Handling" url="chapters_6.html#SEC86">
- <tocsect2 name="6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters" url="chapters_6.html#SEC87"/>
- <tocsect2 name="6.2 Overview about Character Handling Functions" url="chapters_6.html#SEC88"/>
- <tocsect2 name="6.3 Restartable Multibyte Conversion Functions" url="chapters_6.html#SEC89">
- <tocsect3 name="6.3.1 Selecting the conversion and its properties" url="chapters_6.html#SEC90"/>
- <tocsect3 name="6.3.2 Representing the state of the conversion" url="chapters_6.html#SEC91"/>
- <tocsect3 name="6.3.3 Converting Single Characters" url="chapters_6.html#SEC92"/>
- <tocsect3 name="6.3.4 Converting Multibyte and Wide Character Strings" url="chapters_6.html#SEC93"/>
- <tocsect3 name="6.3.5 A Complete Multibyte Conversion Example" url="chapters_6.html#SEC94"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="6.4 Non-reentrant Conversion Function" url="chapters_6.html#SEC95">
- <tocsect3 name="6.4.1 Non-reentrant Conversion of Single Characters" url="chapters_6.html#SEC96"/>
- <tocsect3 name="6.4.2 Non-reentrant Conversion of Strings" url="chapters_6.html#SEC97"/>
- <tocsect3 name="6.4.3 States in Non-reentrant Functions" url="chapters_6.html#SEC98"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="6.5 Generic Charset Conversion" url="chapters_6.html#SEC99">
- <tocsect3 name="6.5.1 Generic Character Set Conversion Interface" url="chapters_6.html#SEC100"/>
- <tocsect3 name="6.5.2 A complete iconv example" url="chapters_6.html#SEC101"/>
- <tocsect3 name="6.5.3 Some Details about other iconv Implementations" url="chapters_6.html#SEC102"/>
- <tocsect3 name="6.5.4 The iconv Implementation in the GNU C library" url="chapters_6.html#SEC103">
- <tocsect4 name="6.5.4.1 Format of `gconv-modules' files" url="chapters_6.html#SEC104"/>
- <tocsect4 name="6.5.4.2 Finding the conversion path in iconv" url="chapters_6.html#SEC105"/>
- <tocsect4 name="6.5.4.3 iconv module data structures" url="chapters_6.html#SEC106"/>
- <tocsect4 name="6.5.4.4 iconv module interfaces" url="chapters_6.html#SEC107"/>
- </tocsect3>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="7. Locales and Internationalization" url="chapters_7.html#SEC108">
- <tocsect2 name="7.1 What Effects a Locale Has" url="chapters_7.html#SEC109"/>
- <tocsect2 name="7.2 Choosing a Locale" url="chapters_7.html#SEC110"/>
- <tocsect2 name="7.3 Categories of Activities that Locales Affect" url="chapters_7.html#SEC111"/>
- <tocsect2 name="7.4 How Programs Set the Locale" url="chapters_7.html#SEC112"/>
- <tocsect2 name="7.5 Standard Locales" url="chapters_7.html#SEC113"/>
- <tocsect2 name="7.6 Accessing Locale Information" url="chapters_7.html#SEC114">
- <tocsect3 name="7.6.1 localeconv: It is portable but small...small" url="chapters_7.html#SEC115">
- <tocsect4 name="7.6.1.1 Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters" url="chapters_7.html#SEC116"/>
- <tocsect4 name="7.6.1.2 Printing the Currency Symbol" url="chapters_7.html#SEC117"/>
- <tocsect4 name="7.6.1.3 Printing the Sign of a Monetary Amount" url="chapters_7.html#SEC118"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="7.6.2 Pinpoint Access to Locale Data" url="chapters_7.html#SEC119"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="7.7 A dedicated function to format numbers" url="chapters_7.html#SEC120"/>
- <tocsect2 name="7.8 Yes-or-No Questions" url="chapters_7.html#SEC121"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="8. Message Translation" url="chapters_8.html#SEC122">
- <tocsect2 name="8.1 X/Open Message Catalog Handling" url="chapters_8.html#SEC123">
- <tocsect3 name="8.1.1 The catgets function family" url="chapters_8.html#SEC124"/>
- <tocsect3 name="8.1.2 Format of the message catalog files" url="chapters_8.html#SEC125"/>
- <tocsect3 name="8.1.3 Generate Message Catalogs files" url="chapters_8.html#SEC126"/>
- <tocsect3 name="8.1.4 How to use the catgets interface" url="chapters_8.html#SEC127">
- <tocsect4 name="8.1.4.1 Not using symbolic names" url="chapters_8.html#SEC128"/>
- <tocsect4 name="8.1.4.2 Using symbolic names" url="chapters_8.html#SEC129"/>
- <tocsect4 name="8.1.4.3 How does to this allow to develop" url="chapters_8.html#SEC130"/>
- </tocsect3>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="8.2 The Uniforum approach to Message Translation" url="chapters_8.html#SEC131">
- <tocsect3 name="8.2.1 The gettext family of functions" url="chapters_8.html#SEC132">
- <tocsect4 name="8.2.1.1 What has to be done to translate a message?" url="chapters_8.html#SEC133"/>
- <tocsect4 name="8.2.1.2 How to determine which catalog to be used" url="chapters_8.html#SEC134"/>
- <tocsect4 name="8.2.1.3 Additional functions for more complicated situations" url="chapters_8.html#SEC135"/>
- <tocsect4 name="8.2.1.4 How to specify the output character set gettext uses" url="chapters_8.html#SEC137"/>
- <tocsect4 name="8.2.1.5 How to use gettext in GUI programs" url="chapters_8.html#SEC138"/>
- <tocsect4 name="8.2.1.6 User influence on gettext" url="chapters_8.html#SEC139"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="8.2.2 Programs to handle message catalogs for gettext" url="chapters_8.html#SEC140"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="9. Searching and Sorting" url="chapters_9.html#SEC141">
- <tocsect2 name="9.1 Defining the Comparison Function" url="chapters_9.html#SEC142"/>
- <tocsect2 name="9.2 Array Search Function" url="chapters_9.html#SEC143"/>
- <tocsect2 name="9.3 Array Sort Function" url="chapters_9.html#SEC144"/>
- <tocsect2 name="9.4 Searching and Sorting Example" url="chapters_9.html#SEC145"/>
- <tocsect2 name="9.5 The hsearch function." url="chapters_9.html#SEC146"/>
- <tocsect2 name="9.6 The tsearch function." url="chapters_9.html#SEC147"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="10. Pattern Matching" url="chapters_10.html#SEC148">
- <tocsect2 name="10.1 Wildcard Matching" url="chapters_10.html#SEC149"/>
- <tocsect2 name="10.2 Globbing" url="chapters_10.html#SEC150">
- <tocsect3 name="10.2.1 Calling glob" url="chapters_10.html#SEC151"/>
- <tocsect3 name="10.2.2 Flags for Globbing" url="chapters_10.html#SEC152"/>
- <tocsect3 name="10.2.3 More Flags for Globbing" url="chapters_10.html#SEC153"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="10.3 Regular Expression Matching" url="chapters_10.html#SEC154">
- <tocsect3 name="10.3.1 POSIX Regular Expression Compilation" url="chapters_10.html#SEC155"/>
- <tocsect3 name="10.3.2 Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions" url="chapters_10.html#SEC156"/>
- <tocsect3 name="10.3.3 Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression" url="chapters_10.html#SEC157"/>
- <tocsect3 name="10.3.4 Match Results with Subexpressions" url="chapters_10.html#SEC158"/>
- <tocsect3 name="10.3.5 Complications in Subexpression Matching" url="chapters_10.html#SEC159"/>
- <tocsect3 name="10.3.6 POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup" url="chapters_10.html#SEC160"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="10.4 Shell-Style Word Expansion" url="chapters_10.html#SEC161">
- <tocsect3 name="10.4.1 The Stages of Word Expansion" url="chapters_10.html#SEC162"/>
- <tocsect3 name="10.4.2 Calling wordexp" url="chapters_10.html#SEC163"/>
- <tocsect3 name="10.4.3 Flags for Word Expansion" url="chapters_10.html#SEC164"/>
- <tocsect3 name="10.4.4 wordexp Example" url="chapters_10.html#SEC165"/>
- <tocsect3 name="10.4.5 Details of Tilde Expansion" url="chapters_10.html#SEC166"/>
- <tocsect3 name="10.4.6 Details of Variable Substitution" url="chapters_10.html#SEC167"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="11. Input/Output Overview" url="chapters_11.html#SEC168">
- <tocsect2 name="11.1 Input/Output Concepts" url="chapters_11.html#SEC169">
- <tocsect3 name="11.1.1 Streams and File Descriptors" url="chapters_11.html#SEC170"/>
- <tocsect3 name="11.1.2 File Position" url="chapters_11.html#SEC171"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="11.2 File Names" url="chapters_11.html#SEC172">
- <tocsect3 name="11.2.1 Directories" url="chapters_11.html#SEC173"/>
- <tocsect3 name="11.2.2 File Name Resolution" url="chapters_11.html#SEC174"/>
- <tocsect3 name="11.2.3 File Name Errors" url="chapters_11.html#SEC175"/>
- <tocsect3 name="11.2.4 Portability of File Names" url="chapters_11.html#SEC176"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="12. Input/Output on Streams" url="chapters_12.html#SEC177">
- <tocsect2 name="12.1 Streams" url="chapters_12.html#SEC178"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.2 Standard Streams" url="chapters_12.html#SEC179"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.3 Opening Streams" url="chapters_12.html#SEC180"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.4 Closing Streams" url="chapters_12.html#SEC181"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.5 Streams and Threads" url="chapters_12.html#SEC182"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications" url="chapters_12.html#SEC183"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines" url="chapters_12.html#SEC184"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.8 Character Input" url="chapters_12.html#SEC185"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.9 Line-Oriented Input" url="chapters_12.html#SEC186"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.10 Unreading" url="chapters_12.html#SEC187">
- <tocsect3 name="12.10.1 What Unreading Means" url="chapters_12.html#SEC188"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.10.2 Using ungetc To Do Unreading" url="chapters_12.html#SEC189"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="12.11 Block Input/Output" url="chapters_12.html#SEC190"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.12 Formatted Output" url="chapters_12.html#SEC191">
- <tocsect3 name="12.12.1 Formatted Output Basics" url="chapters_12.html#SEC192"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.12.2 Output Conversion Syntax" url="chapters_12.html#SEC193"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.12.3 Table of Output Conversions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC194"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.12.4 Integer Conversions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC195"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.12.5 Floating-Point Conversions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC196"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.12.6 Other Output Conversions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC197"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.12.7 Formatted Output Functions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC198"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.12.8 Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output" url="chapters_12.html#SEC199"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.12.9 Variable Arguments Output Functions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC200"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.12.10 Parsing a Template String" url="chapters_12.html#SEC201"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.12.11 Example of Parsing a Template String" url="chapters_12.html#SEC202"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="12.13 Customizing printf" url="chapters_12.html#SEC203">
- <tocsect3 name="12.13.1 Registering New Conversions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC204"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.13.2 Conversion Specifier Options" url="chapters_12.html#SEC205"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.13.3 Defining the Output Handler" url="chapters_12.html#SEC206"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.13.4 printf Extension Example" url="chapters_12.html#SEC207"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.13.5 Predefined printf Handlers" url="chapters_12.html#SEC208"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="12.14 Formatted Input" url="chapters_12.html#SEC209">
- <tocsect3 name="12.14.1 Formatted Input Basics" url="chapters_12.html#SEC210"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.14.2 Input Conversion Syntax" url="chapters_12.html#SEC211"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.14.3 Table of Input Conversions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC212"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.14.4 Numeric Input Conversions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC213"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.14.5 String Input Conversions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC214"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.14.6 Dynamically Allocating String Conversions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC215"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.14.7 Other Input Conversions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC216"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.14.8 Formatted Input Functions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC217"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.14.9 Variable Arguments Input Functions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC218"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="12.15 End-Of-File and Errors" url="chapters_12.html#SEC219"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.16 Recovering from errors" url="chapters_12.html#SEC220"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.17 Text and Binary Streams" url="chapters_12.html#SEC221"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.18 File Positioning" url="chapters_12.html#SEC222"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.19 Portable File-Position Functions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC223"/>
- <tocsect2 name="12.20 Stream Buffering" url="chapters_12.html#SEC224">
- <tocsect3 name="12.20.1 Buffering Concepts" url="chapters_12.html#SEC225"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.20.2 Flushing Buffers" url="chapters_12.html#SEC226"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.20.3 Controlling Which Kind of Buffering" url="chapters_12.html#SEC227"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="12.21 Other Kinds of Streams" url="chapters_12.html#SEC228">
- <tocsect3 name="12.21.1 String Streams" url="chapters_12.html#SEC229"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.21.2 Obstack Streams" url="chapters_12.html#SEC230"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.21.3 Programming Your Own Custom Streams" url="chapters_12.html#SEC231">
- <tocsect4 name="12.21.3.1 Custom Streams and Cookies" url="chapters_12.html#SEC232"/>
- <tocsect4 name="12.21.3.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions" url="chapters_12.html#SEC233"/>
- </tocsect3>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="12.22 Formatted Messages" url="chapters_12.html#SEC234">
- <tocsect3 name="12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages" url="chapters_12.html#SEC235"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.22.2 Adding Severity Classes" url="chapters_12.html#SEC236"/>
- <tocsect3 name="12.22.3 How to use fmtmsg and addseverity" url="chapters_12.html#SEC237"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="13. Low-Level Input/Output" url="chapters_13.html#SEC238">
- <tocsect2 name="13.1 Opening and Closing Files" url="chapters_13.html#SEC239"/>
- <tocsect2 name="13.2 Input and Output Primitives" url="chapters_13.html#SEC240"/>
- <tocsect2 name="13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor" url="chapters_13.html#SEC241"/>
- <tocsect2 name="13.4 Descriptors and Streams" url="chapters_13.html#SEC242"/>
- <tocsect2 name="13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors" url="chapters_13.html#SEC243">
- <tocsect3 name="13.5.1 Linked Channels" url="chapters_13.html#SEC244"/>
- <tocsect3 name="13.5.2 Independent Channels" url="chapters_13.html#SEC245"/>
- <tocsect3 name="13.5.3 Cleaning Streams" url="chapters_13.html#SEC246"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O" url="chapters_13.html#SEC247"/>
- <tocsect2 name="13.7 Memory-mapped I/O" url="chapters_13.html#SEC248"/>
- <tocsect2 name="13.8 Waiting for Input or Output" url="chapters_13.html#SEC249"/>
- <tocsect2 name="13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations" url="chapters_13.html#SEC250"/>
- <tocsect2 name="13.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel" url="chapters_13.html#SEC251">
- <tocsect3 name="13.10.1 Asynchronous Read and Write Operations" url="chapters_13.html#SEC252"/>
- <tocsect3 name="13.10.2 Getting the Status of AIO Operations" url="chapters_13.html#SEC253"/>
- <tocsect3 name="13.10.3 Getting into a Consistent State" url="chapters_13.html#SEC254"/>
- <tocsect3 name="13.10.4 Cancellation of AIO Operations" url="chapters_13.html#SEC255"/>
- <tocsect3 name="13.10.5 How to optimize the AIO implementation" url="chapters_13.html#SEC256"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="13.11 Control Operations on Files" url="chapters_13.html#SEC257"/>
- <tocsect2 name="13.12 Duplicating Descriptors" url="chapters_13.html#SEC258"/>
- <tocsect2 name="13.13 File Descriptor Flags" url="chapters_13.html#SEC259"/>
- <tocsect2 name="13.14 File Status Flags" url="chapters_13.html#SEC260">
- <tocsect3 name="13.14.1 File Access Modes" url="chapters_13.html#SEC261"/>
- <tocsect3 name="13.14.2 Open-time Flags" url="chapters_13.html#SEC262"/>
- <tocsect3 name="13.14.3 I/O Operating Modes" url="chapters_13.html#SEC263"/>
- <tocsect3 name="13.14.4 Getting and Setting File Status Flags" url="chapters_13.html#SEC264"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="13.15 File Locks" url="chapters_13.html#SEC265"/>
- <tocsect2 name="13.16 Interrupt-Driven Input" url="chapters_13.html#SEC266"/>
- <tocsect2 name="13.17 Generic I/O Control operations" url="chapters_13.html#SEC267"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="14. File System Interface" url="chapters_14.html#SEC268">
- <tocsect2 name="14.1 Working Directory" url="chapters_14.html#SEC269"/>
- <tocsect2 name="14.2 Accessing Directories" url="chapters_14.html#SEC270">
- <tocsect3 name="14.2.1 Format of a Directory Entry" url="chapters_14.html#SEC271"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.2.2 Opening a Directory Stream" url="chapters_14.html#SEC272"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.2.3 Reading and Closing a Directory Stream" url="chapters_14.html#SEC273"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.2.4 Simple Program to List a Directory" url="chapters_14.html#SEC274"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.2.5 Random Access in a Directory Stream" url="chapters_14.html#SEC275"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.2.6 Scanning the Content of a Directory" url="chapters_14.html#SEC276"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.2.7 Simple Program to List a Directory, Mark II" url="chapters_14.html#SEC277"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="14.3 Working with Directory Trees" url="chapters_14.html#SEC278"/>
- <tocsect2 name="14.4 Hard Links" url="chapters_14.html#SEC279"/>
- <tocsect2 name="14.5 Symbolic Links" url="chapters_14.html#SEC280"/>
- <tocsect2 name="14.6 Deleting Files" url="chapters_14.html#SEC281"/>
- <tocsect2 name="14.7 Renaming Files" url="chapters_14.html#SEC282"/>
- <tocsect2 name="14.8 Creating Directories" url="chapters_14.html#SEC283"/>
- <tocsect2 name="14.9 File Attributes" url="chapters_14.html#SEC284">
- <tocsect3 name="14.9.1 The meaning of the File Attributes" url="chapters_14.html#SEC285"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.9.2 Reading the Attributes of a File" url="chapters_14.html#SEC286"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.9.3 Testing the Type of a File" url="chapters_14.html#SEC287"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.9.4 File Owner" url="chapters_14.html#SEC288"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.9.5 The Mode Bits for Access Permission" url="chapters_14.html#SEC289"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.9.6 How Your Access to a File is Decided" url="chapters_14.html#SEC290"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.9.7 Assigning File Permissions" url="chapters_14.html#SEC291"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.9.8 Testing Permission to Access a File" url="chapters_14.html#SEC292"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.9.9 File Times" url="chapters_14.html#SEC293"/>
- <tocsect3 name="14.9.10 File Size" url="chapters_14.html#SEC294"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="14.10 Making Special Files" url="chapters_14.html#SEC295"/>
- <tocsect2 name="14.11 Temporary Files" url="chapters_14.html#SEC296"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="15. Pipes and FIFOs" url="chapters_15.html#SEC297">
- <tocsect2 name="15.1 Creating a Pipe" url="chapters_15.html#SEC298"/>
- <tocsect2 name="15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess" url="chapters_15.html#SEC299"/>
- <tocsect2 name="15.3 FIFO Special Files" url="chapters_15.html#SEC300"/>
- <tocsect2 name="15.4 Atomicity of Pipe I/O" url="chapters_15.html#SEC301"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="16. Sockets" url="chapters_16.html#SEC302">
- <tocsect2 name="16.1 Socket Concepts" url="chapters_16.html#SEC303"/>
- <tocsect2 name="16.2 Communication Styles" url="chapters_16.html#SEC304"/>
- <tocsect2 name="16.3 Socket Addresses" url="chapters_16.html#SEC305">
- <tocsect3 name="16.3.1 Address Formats" url="chapters_16.html#SEC306"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.3.2 Setting the Address of a Socket" url="chapters_16.html#SEC307"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.3.3 Reading the Address of a Socket" url="chapters_16.html#SEC308"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="16.4 Interface Naming" url="chapters_16.html#SEC309"/>
- <tocsect2 name="16.5 The Local Namespace" url="chapters_16.html#SEC310">
- <tocsect3 name="16.5.1 Local Namespace Concepts" url="chapters_16.html#SEC311"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.5.2 Details of Local Namespace" url="chapters_16.html#SEC312"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.5.3 Example of Local-Namespace Sockets" url="chapters_16.html#SEC313"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="16.6 The Internet Namespace" url="chapters_16.html#SEC314">
- <tocsect3 name="16.6.1 Internet Socket Address Formats" url="chapters_16.html#SEC315"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.6.2 Host Addresses" url="chapters_16.html#SEC316">
- <tocsect4 name="16.6.2.1 Internet Host Addresses" url="chapters_16.html#SEC317"/>
- <tocsect4 name="16.6.2.2 Host Address Data Type" url="chapters_16.html#SEC320"/>
- <tocsect4 name="16.6.2.3 Host Address Functions" url="chapters_16.html#SEC321"/>
- <tocsect4 name="16.6.2.4 Host Names" url="chapters_16.html#SEC322"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="16.6.3 Internet Ports" url="chapters_16.html#SEC323"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.6.4 The Services Database" url="chapters_16.html#SEC324"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.6.5 Byte Order Conversion" url="chapters_16.html#SEC325"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.6.6 Protocols Database" url="chapters_16.html#SEC326"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.6.7 Internet Socket Example" url="chapters_16.html#SEC327"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="16.7 Other Namespaces" url="chapters_16.html#SEC328"/>
- <tocsect2 name="16.8 Opening and Closing Sockets" url="chapters_16.html#SEC329">
- <tocsect3 name="16.8.1 Creating a Socket" url="chapters_16.html#SEC330"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.8.2 Closing a Socket" url="chapters_16.html#SEC331"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.8.3 Socket Pairs" url="chapters_16.html#SEC332"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="16.9 Using Sockets with Connections" url="chapters_16.html#SEC333">
- <tocsect3 name="16.9.1 Making a Connection" url="chapters_16.html#SEC334"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.9.2 Listening for Connections" url="chapters_16.html#SEC335"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.9.3 Accepting Connections" url="chapters_16.html#SEC336"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.9.4 Who is Connected to Me?" url="chapters_16.html#SEC337"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.9.5 Transferring Data" url="chapters_16.html#SEC338">
- <tocsect4 name="16.9.5.1 Sending Data" url="chapters_16.html#SEC339"/>
- <tocsect4 name="16.9.5.2 Receiving Data" url="chapters_16.html#SEC340"/>
- <tocsect4 name="16.9.5.3 Socket Data Options" url="chapters_16.html#SEC341"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="16.9.6 Byte Stream Socket Example" url="chapters_16.html#SEC342"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.9.7 Byte Stream Connection Server Example" url="chapters_16.html#SEC343"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.9.8 Out-of-Band Data" url="chapters_16.html#SEC344"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="16.10 Datagram Socket Operations" url="chapters_16.html#SEC345">
- <tocsect3 name="16.10.1 Sending Datagrams" url="chapters_16.html#SEC346"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.10.2 Receiving Datagrams" url="chapters_16.html#SEC347"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.10.3 Datagram Socket Example" url="chapters_16.html#SEC348"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.10.4 Example of Reading Datagrams" url="chapters_16.html#SEC349"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="16.11 The inetd Daemon" url="chapters_16.html#SEC350">
- <tocsect3 name="16.11.1 inetd Servers" url="chapters_16.html#SEC351"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.11.2 Configuring inetd" url="chapters_16.html#SEC352"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="16.12 Socket Options" url="chapters_16.html#SEC353">
- <tocsect3 name="16.12.1 Socket Option Functions" url="chapters_16.html#SEC354"/>
- <tocsect3 name="16.12.2 Socket-Level Options" url="chapters_16.html#SEC355"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="16.13 Networks Database" url="chapters_16.html#SEC356"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="17. Low-Level Terminal Interface" url="chapters_17.html#SEC357">
- <tocsect2 name="17.1 Identifying Terminals" url="chapters_17.html#SEC358"/>
- <tocsect2 name="17.2 I/O Queues" url="chapters_17.html#SEC359"/>
- <tocsect2 name="17.3 Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not" url="chapters_17.html#SEC360"/>
- <tocsect2 name="17.4 Terminal Modes" url="chapters_17.html#SEC361">
- <tocsect3 name="17.4.1 Terminal Mode Data Types" url="chapters_17.html#SEC362"/>
- <tocsect3 name="17.4.2 Terminal Mode Functions" url="chapters_17.html#SEC363"/>
- <tocsect3 name="17.4.3 Setting Terminal Modes Properly" url="chapters_17.html#SEC364"/>
- <tocsect3 name="17.4.4 Input Modes" url="chapters_17.html#SEC365"/>
- <tocsect3 name="17.4.5 Output Modes" url="chapters_17.html#SEC366"/>
- <tocsect3 name="17.4.6 Control Modes" url="chapters_17.html#SEC367"/>
- <tocsect3 name="17.4.7 Local Modes" url="chapters_17.html#SEC368"/>
- <tocsect3 name="17.4.8 Line Speed" url="chapters_17.html#SEC369"/>
- <tocsect3 name="17.4.9 Special Characters" url="chapters_17.html#SEC370">
- <tocsect4 name="17.4.9.1 Characters for Input Editing" url="chapters_17.html#SEC371"/>
- <tocsect4 name="17.4.9.2 Characters that Cause Signals" url="chapters_17.html#SEC372"/>
- <tocsect4 name="17.4.9.3 Special Characters for Flow Control" url="chapters_17.html#SEC373"/>
- <tocsect4 name="17.4.9.4 Other Special Characters" url="chapters_17.html#SEC374"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="17.4.10 Noncanonical Input" url="chapters_17.html#SEC375"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="17.5 BSD Terminal Modes" url="chapters_17.html#SEC376"/>
- <tocsect2 name="17.6 Line Control Functions" url="chapters_17.html#SEC377"/>
- <tocsect2 name="17.7 Noncanonical Mode Example" url="chapters_17.html#SEC378"/>
- <tocsect2 name="17.8 Pseudo-Terminals" url="chapters_17.html#SEC379">
- <tocsect3 name="17.8.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals" url="chapters_17.html#SEC380"/>
- <tocsect3 name="17.8.2 Opening a Pseudo-Terminal Pair" url="chapters_17.html#SEC381"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="18. Syslog" url="chapters_18.html#SEC382">
- <tocsect2 name="18.1 Overview of Syslog" url="chapters_18.html#SEC383"/>
- <tocsect2 name="18.2 Submitting Syslog Messages" url="chapters_18.html#SEC384">
- <tocsect3 name="18.2.1 openlog" url="chapters_18.html#SEC385"/>
- <tocsect3 name="18.2.2 syslog, vsyslog" url="chapters_18.html#SEC386"/>
- <tocsect3 name="18.2.3 closelog" url="chapters_18.html#SEC387"/>
- <tocsect3 name="18.2.4 setlogmask" url="chapters_18.html#SEC388"/>
- <tocsect3 name="18.2.5 Syslog Example" url="chapters_18.html#SEC389"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="19. Mathematics" url="chapters_19.html#SEC390">
- <tocsect2 name="19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants" url="chapters_19.html#SEC391"/>
- <tocsect2 name="19.2 Trigonometric Functions" url="chapters_19.html#SEC392"/>
- <tocsect2 name="19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions" url="chapters_19.html#SEC393"/>
- <tocsect2 name="19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms" url="chapters_19.html#SEC394"/>
- <tocsect2 name="19.5 Hyperbolic Functions" url="chapters_19.html#SEC395"/>
- <tocsect2 name="19.6 Special Functions" url="chapters_19.html#SEC396"/>
- <tocsect2 name="19.7 Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions" url="chapters_19.html#SEC397"/>
- <tocsect2 name="19.8 Pseudo-Random Numbers" url="chapters_19.html#SEC398">
- <tocsect3 name="19.8.1 ISO C Random Number Functions" url="chapters_19.html#SEC399"/>
- <tocsect3 name="19.8.2 BSD Random Number Functions" url="chapters_19.html#SEC400"/>
- <tocsect3 name="19.8.3 SVID Random Number Function" url="chapters_19.html#SEC401"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="19.9 Is Fast Code or Small Code preferred?" url="chapters_19.html#SEC402"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="20. Arithmetic Functions" url="chapters_20.html#SEC403">
- <tocsect2 name="20.1 Integers" url="chapters_20.html#SEC404"/>
- <tocsect2 name="20.2 Integer Division" url="chapters_20.html#SEC405"/>
- <tocsect2 name="20.3 Floating Point Numbers" url="chapters_20.html#SEC406"/>
- <tocsect2 name="20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions" url="chapters_20.html#SEC407"/>
- <tocsect2 name="20.5 Errors in Floating-Point Calculations" url="chapters_20.html#SEC408">
- <tocsect3 name="20.5.1 FP Exceptions" url="chapters_20.html#SEC409"/>
- <tocsect3 name="20.5.2 Infinity and NaN" url="chapters_20.html#SEC410"/>
- <tocsect3 name="20.5.3 Examining the FPU status word" url="chapters_20.html#SEC411"/>
- <tocsect3 name="20.5.4 Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions" url="chapters_20.html#SEC412"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="20.6 Rounding Modes" url="chapters_20.html#SEC413"/>
- <tocsect2 name="20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions" url="chapters_20.html#SEC414"/>
- <tocsect2 name="20.8 Arithmetic Functions" url="chapters_20.html#SEC415">
- <tocsect3 name="20.8.1 Absolute Value" url="chapters_20.html#SEC416"/>
- <tocsect3 name="20.8.2 Normalization Functions" url="chapters_20.html#SEC417"/>
- <tocsect3 name="20.8.3 Rounding Functions" url="chapters_20.html#SEC418"/>
- <tocsect3 name="20.8.4 Remainder Functions" url="chapters_20.html#SEC419"/>
- <tocsect3 name="20.8.5 Setting and modifying single bits of FP values" url="chapters_20.html#SEC420"/>
- <tocsect3 name="20.8.6 Floating-Point Comparison Functions" url="chapters_20.html#SEC421"/>
- <tocsect3 name="20.8.7 Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions" url="chapters_20.html#SEC422"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="20.9 Complex Numbers" url="chapters_20.html#SEC423"/>
- <tocsect2 name="20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers" url="chapters_20.html#SEC424"/>
- <tocsect2 name="20.11 Parsing of Numbers" url="chapters_20.html#SEC425">
- <tocsect3 name="20.11.1 Parsing of Integers" url="chapters_20.html#SEC426"/>
- <tocsect3 name="20.11.2 Parsing of Floats" url="chapters_20.html#SEC427"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions" url="chapters_20.html#SEC428"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="21. Date and Time" url="chapters_21.html#SEC429">
- <tocsect2 name="21.1 Time Basics" url="chapters_21.html#SEC430"/>
- <tocsect2 name="21.2 Elapsed Time" url="chapters_21.html#SEC431"/>
- <tocsect2 name="21.3 Processor And CPU Time" url="chapters_21.html#SEC432">
- <tocsect3 name="21.3.1 CPU Time Inquiry" url="chapters_21.html#SEC433"/>
- <tocsect3 name="21.3.2 Processor Time Inquiry" url="chapters_21.html#SEC434"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="21.4 Calendar Time" url="chapters_21.html#SEC435">
- <tocsect3 name="21.4.1 Simple Calendar Time" url="chapters_21.html#SEC436"/>
- <tocsect3 name="21.4.2 High-Resolution Calendar" url="chapters_21.html#SEC437"/>
- <tocsect3 name="21.4.3 Broken-down Time" url="chapters_21.html#SEC438"/>
- <tocsect3 name="21.4.4 High Accuracy Clock" url="chapters_21.html#SEC439"/>
- <tocsect3 name="21.4.5 Formatting Calendar Time" url="chapters_21.html#SEC440"/>
- <tocsect3 name="21.4.6 Convert textual time and date information back" url="chapters_21.html#SEC441">
- <tocsect4 name="21.4.6.1 Interpret string according to given format" url="chapters_21.html#SEC442"/>
- <tocsect4 name="21.4.6.2 A More User-friendly Way to Parse Times and Dates" url="chapters_21.html#SEC443"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="21.4.7 Specifying the Time Zone with TZ" url="chapters_21.html#SEC444"/>
- <tocsect3 name="21.4.8 Functions and Variables for Time Zones" url="chapters_21.html#SEC445"/>
- <tocsect3 name="21.4.9 Time Functions Example" url="chapters_21.html#SEC446"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="21.5 Setting an Alarm" url="chapters_21.html#SEC447"/>
- <tocsect2 name="21.6 Sleeping" url="chapters_21.html#SEC448"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="22. Resource Usage And Limitation" url="chapters_22.html#SEC449">
- <tocsect2 name="22.1 Resource Usage" url="chapters_22.html#SEC450"/>
- <tocsect2 name="22.2 Limiting Resource Usage" url="chapters_22.html#SEC451"/>
- <tocsect2 name="22.3 Process CPU Priority And Scheduling" url="chapters_22.html#SEC452">
- <tocsect3 name="22.3.1 Absolute Priority" url="chapters_22.html#SEC453">
- <tocsect4 name="22.3.1.1 Using Absolute Priority" url="chapters_22.html#SEC454"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="22.3.2 Realtime Scheduling" url="chapters_22.html#SEC455"/>
- <tocsect3 name="22.3.3 Basic Scheduling Functions" url="chapters_22.html#SEC456"/>
- <tocsect3 name="22.3.4 Traditional Scheduling" url="chapters_22.html#SEC457">
- <tocsect4 name="22.3.4.1 Introduction To Traditional Scheduling" url="chapters_22.html#SEC458"/>
- <tocsect4 name="22.3.4.2 Functions For Traditional Scheduling" url="chapters_22.html#SEC459"/>
- </tocsect3>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="22.4 Querying memory available resources" url="chapters_22.html#SEC460">
- <tocsect3 name="22.4.1 Overview about traditional Unix memory handling" url="chapters_22.html#SEC461"/>
- <tocsect3 name="22.4.2 How to get information about the memory subsystem?" url="chapters_22.html#SEC462"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="22.5 Learn about the processors available" url="chapters_22.html#SEC463"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="23. Non-Local Exits" url="chapters_23.html#SEC464">
- <tocsect2 name="23.1 Introduction to Non-Local Exits" url="chapters_23.html#SEC465"/>
- <tocsect2 name="23.2 Details of Non-Local Exits" url="chapters_23.html#SEC466"/>
- <tocsect2 name="23.3 Non-Local Exits and Signals" url="chapters_23.html#SEC467"/>
- <tocsect2 name="23.4 Complete Context Control" url="chapters_23.html#SEC468"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="24. Signal Handling" url="chapters_24.html#SEC470">
- <tocsect2 name="24.1 Basic Concepts of Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC471">
- <tocsect3 name="24.1.1 Some Kinds of Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC472"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.1.2 Concepts of Signal Generation" url="chapters_24.html#SEC473"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.1.3 How Signals Are Delivered" url="chapters_24.html#SEC474"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="24.2 Standard Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC475">
- <tocsect3 name="24.2.1 Program Error Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC476"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.2.2 Termination Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC477"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.2.3 Alarm Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC478"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.2.4 Asynchronous I/O Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC479"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.2.5 Job Control Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC480"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.2.6 Operation Error Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC481"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.2.7 Miscellaneous Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC482"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.2.8 Signal Messages" url="chapters_24.html#SEC483"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="24.3 Specifying Signal Actions" url="chapters_24.html#SEC484">
- <tocsect3 name="24.3.1 Basic Signal Handling" url="chapters_24.html#SEC485"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.3.2 Advanced Signal Handling" url="chapters_24.html#SEC486"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.3.3 Interaction of signal and sigaction" url="chapters_24.html#SEC487"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.3.4 sigaction Function Example" url="chapters_24.html#SEC488"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.3.5 Flags for sigaction" url="chapters_24.html#SEC489"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.3.6 Initial Signal Actions" url="chapters_24.html#SEC490"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="24.4 Defining Signal Handlers" url="chapters_24.html#SEC491">
- <tocsect3 name="24.4.1 Signal Handlers that Return" url="chapters_24.html#SEC492"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.4.2 Handlers That Terminate the Process" url="chapters_24.html#SEC493"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.4.3 Nonlocal Control Transfer in Handlers" url="chapters_24.html#SEC494"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.4.4 Signals Arriving While a Handler Runs" url="chapters_24.html#SEC495"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.4.5 Signals Close Together Merge into One" url="chapters_24.html#SEC496"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.4.6 Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functions" url="chapters_24.html#SEC497"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.4.7 Atomic Data Access and Signal Handling" url="chapters_24.html#SEC498">
- <tocsect4 name="24.4.7.1 Problems with Non-Atomic Access" url="chapters_24.html#SEC499"/>
- <tocsect4 name="24.4.7.2 Atomic Types" url="chapters_24.html#SEC500"/>
- <tocsect4 name="24.4.7.3 Atomic Usage Patterns" url="chapters_24.html#SEC501"/>
- </tocsect3>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC502"/>
- <tocsect2 name="24.6 Generating Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC503">
- <tocsect3 name="24.6.1 Signaling Yourself" url="chapters_24.html#SEC504"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.6.2 Signaling Another Process" url="chapters_24.html#SEC505"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.6.3 Permission for using kill" url="chapters_24.html#SEC506"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.6.4 Using kill for Communication" url="chapters_24.html#SEC507"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="24.7 Blocking Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC508">
- <tocsect3 name="24.7.1 Why Blocking Signals is Useful" url="chapters_24.html#SEC509"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.7.2 Signal Sets" url="chapters_24.html#SEC510"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.7.3 Process Signal Mask" url="chapters_24.html#SEC511"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.7.4 Blocking to Test for Delivery of a Signal" url="chapters_24.html#SEC512"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.7.5 Blocking Signals for a Handler" url="chapters_24.html#SEC513"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.7.6 Checking for Pending Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC514"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.7.7 Remembering a Signal to Act On Later" url="chapters_24.html#SEC515"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="24.8 Waiting for a Signal" url="chapters_24.html#SEC516">
- <tocsect3 name="24.8.1 Using pause" url="chapters_24.html#SEC517"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.8.2 Problems with pause" url="chapters_24.html#SEC518"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.8.3 Using sigsuspend" url="chapters_24.html#SEC519"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack" url="chapters_24.html#SEC520"/>
- <tocsect2 name="24.10 BSD Signal Handling" url="chapters_24.html#SEC521">
- <tocsect3 name="24.10.1 BSD Function to Establish a Handler" url="chapters_24.html#SEC522"/>
- <tocsect3 name="24.10.2 BSD Functions for Blocking Signals" url="chapters_24.html#SEC523"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="25. The Basic Program/System Interface" url="chapters_25.html#SEC524">
- <tocsect2 name="25.1 Program Arguments" url="chapters_25.html#SEC525">
- <tocsect3 name="25.1.1 Program Argument Syntax Conventions" url="chapters_25.html#SEC526"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.1.2 Parsing Program Arguments" url="chapters_25.html#SEC527"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="25.2 Parsing program options using getopt" url="chapters_25.html#SEC528">
- <tocsect3 name="25.2.1 Using the getopt function" url="chapters_25.html#SEC529"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.2.2 Example of Parsing Arguments with getopt" url="chapters_25.html#SEC530"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.2.3 Parsing Long Options with getopt_long" url="chapters_25.html#SEC531"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.2.4 Example of Parsing Long Options with getopt_long" url="chapters_25.html#SEC532"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp" url="chapters_25.html#SEC533">
- <tocsect3 name="25.3.1 The argp_parse Function" url="chapters_25.html#SEC534"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.3.2 Argp Global Variables" url="chapters_25.html#SEC535"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.3.3 Specifying Argp Parsers" url="chapters_25.html#SEC536"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.3.4 Specifying Options in an Argp Parser" url="chapters_25.html#SEC537">
- <tocsect4 name="25.3.4.1 Flags for Argp Options" url="chapters_25.html#SEC538"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="25.3.5 Argp Parser Functions" url="chapters_25.html#SEC539">
- <tocsect4 name="25.3.5.1 Special Keys for Argp Parser Functions" url="chapters_25.html#SEC540"/>
- <tocsect4 name="25.3.5.2 Functions For Use in Argp Parsers" url="chapters_25.html#SEC541"/>
- <tocsect4 name="25.3.5.3 Argp Parsing State" url="chapters_25.html#SEC542"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="25.3.6 Combining Multiple Argp Parsers" url="chapters_25.html#SEC543"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.3.7 Flags for argp_parse" url="chapters_25.html#SEC544"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.3.8 Customizing Argp Help Output" url="chapters_25.html#SEC545">
- <tocsect4 name="25.3.8.1 Special Keys for Argp Help Filter Functions" url="chapters_25.html#SEC546"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="25.3.9 The argp_help Function" url="chapters_25.html#SEC547"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.3.10 Flags for the argp_help Function" url="chapters_25.html#SEC548"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.3.11 Argp Examples" url="chapters_25.html#SEC549">
- <tocsect4 name="25.3.11.1 A Minimal Program Using Argp" url="chapters_25.html#SEC550"/>
- <tocsect4 name="25.3.11.2 A Program Using Argp with Only Default Options" url="chapters_25.html#SEC551"/>
- <tocsect4 name="25.3.11.3 A Program Using Argp with User Options" url="chapters_25.html#SEC552"/>
- <tocsect4 name="25.3.11.4 A Program Using Multiple Combined Argp Parsers" url="chapters_25.html#SEC553"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="25.3.12 Argp User Customization" url="chapters_25.html#SEC554">
- <tocsect4 name="25.3.12.1 Parsing of Suboptions" url="chapters_25.html#SEC555"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="25.3.13 Parsing of Suboptions Example" url="chapters_25.html#SEC556"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="25.4 Environment Variables" url="chapters_25.html#SEC557">
- <tocsect3 name="25.4.1 Environment Access" url="chapters_25.html#SEC558"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.4.2 Standard Environment Variables" url="chapters_25.html#SEC559"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="25.5 System Calls" url="chapters_25.html#SEC560"/>
- <tocsect2 name="25.6 Program Termination" url="chapters_25.html#SEC561">
- <tocsect3 name="25.6.1 Normal Termination" url="chapters_25.html#SEC562"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.6.2 Exit Status" url="chapters_25.html#SEC563"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.6.3 Cleanups on Exit" url="chapters_25.html#SEC564"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.6.4 Aborting a Program" url="chapters_25.html#SEC565"/>
- <tocsect3 name="25.6.5 Termination Internals" url="chapters_25.html#SEC566"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="26. Processes" url="chapters_26.html#SEC567">
- <tocsect2 name="26.1 Running a Command" url="chapters_26.html#SEC568"/>
- <tocsect2 name="26.2 Process Creation Concepts" url="chapters_26.html#SEC569"/>
- <tocsect2 name="26.3 Process Identification" url="chapters_26.html#SEC570"/>
- <tocsect2 name="26.4 Creating a Process" url="chapters_26.html#SEC571"/>
- <tocsect2 name="26.5 Executing a File" url="chapters_26.html#SEC572"/>
- <tocsect2 name="26.6 Process Completion" url="chapters_26.html#SEC573"/>
- <tocsect2 name="26.7 Process Completion Status" url="chapters_26.html#SEC574"/>
- <tocsect2 name="26.8 BSD Process Wait Functions" url="chapters_26.html#SEC575"/>
- <tocsect2 name="26.9 Process Creation Example" url="chapters_26.html#SEC576"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="27. Job Control" url="chapters_27.html#SEC577">
- <tocsect2 name="27.1 Concepts of Job Control" url="chapters_27.html#SEC578"/>
- <tocsect2 name="27.2 Job Control is Optional" url="chapters_27.html#SEC579"/>
- <tocsect2 name="27.3 Controlling Terminal of a Process" url="chapters_27.html#SEC580"/>
- <tocsect2 name="27.4 Access to the Controlling Terminal" url="chapters_27.html#SEC581"/>
- <tocsect2 name="27.5 Orphaned Process Groups" url="chapters_27.html#SEC582"/>
- <tocsect2 name="27.6 Implementing a Job Control Shell" url="chapters_27.html#SEC583">
- <tocsect3 name="27.6.1 Data Structures for the Shell" url="chapters_27.html#SEC584"/>
- <tocsect3 name="27.6.2 Initializing the Shell" url="chapters_27.html#SEC585"/>
- <tocsect3 name="27.6.3 Launching Jobs" url="chapters_27.html#SEC586"/>
- <tocsect3 name="27.6.4 Foreground and Background" url="chapters_27.html#SEC587"/>
- <tocsect3 name="27.6.5 Stopped and Terminated Jobs" url="chapters_27.html#SEC588"/>
- <tocsect3 name="27.6.6 Continuing Stopped Jobs" url="chapters_27.html#SEC589"/>
- <tocsect3 name="27.6.7 The Missing Pieces" url="chapters_27.html#SEC590"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="27.7 Functions for Job Control" url="chapters_27.html#SEC591">
- <tocsect3 name="27.7.1 Identifying the Controlling Terminal" url="chapters_27.html#SEC592"/>
- <tocsect3 name="27.7.2 Process Group Functions" url="chapters_27.html#SEC593"/>
- <tocsect3 name="27.7.3 Functions for Controlling Terminal Access" url="chapters_27.html#SEC594"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="28. System Databases and Name Service Switch" url="chapters_28.html#SEC595">
- <tocsect2 name="28.1 NSS Basics" url="chapters_28.html#SEC596"/>
- <tocsect2 name="28.2 The NSS Configuration File" url="chapters_28.html#SEC597">
- <tocsect3 name="28.2.1 Services in the NSS configuration File" url="chapters_28.html#SEC598"/>
- <tocsect3 name="28.2.2 Actions in the NSS configuration" url="chapters_28.html#SEC599"/>
- <tocsect3 name="28.2.3 Notes on the NSS Configuration File" url="chapters_28.html#SEC600"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="28.3 NSS Module Internals" url="chapters_28.html#SEC601">
- <tocsect3 name="28.3.1 The Naming Scheme of the NSS Modules" url="chapters_28.html#SEC602"/>
- <tocsect3 name="28.3.2 The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules" url="chapters_28.html#SEC603"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="28.4 Extending NSS" url="chapters_28.html#SEC604">
- <tocsect3 name="28.4.1 Adding another Service to NSS" url="chapters_28.html#SEC605"/>
- <tocsect3 name="28.4.2 Internals of the NSS Module Functions" url="chapters_28.html#SEC606"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="29. Users and Groups" url="chapters_29.html#SEC607">
- <tocsect2 name="29.1 User and Group IDs" url="chapters_29.html#SEC608"/>
- <tocsect2 name="29.2 The Persona of a Process" url="chapters_29.html#SEC609"/>
- <tocsect2 name="29.3 Why Change the Persona of a Process?" url="chapters_29.html#SEC610"/>
- <tocsect2 name="29.4 How an Application Can Change Persona" url="chapters_29.html#SEC611"/>
- <tocsect2 name="29.5 Reading the Persona of a Process" url="chapters_29.html#SEC612"/>
- <tocsect2 name="29.6 Setting the User ID" url="chapters_29.html#SEC613"/>
- <tocsect2 name="29.7 Setting the Group IDs" url="chapters_29.html#SEC614"/>
- <tocsect2 name="29.8 Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access" url="chapters_29.html#SEC615"/>
- <tocsect2 name="29.9 Setuid Program Example" url="chapters_29.html#SEC616"/>
- <tocsect2 name="29.10 Tips for Writing Setuid Programs" url="chapters_29.html#SEC617"/>
- <tocsect2 name="29.11 Identifying Who Logged In" url="chapters_29.html#SEC618"/>
- <tocsect2 name="29.12 The User Accounting Database" url="chapters_29.html#SEC619">
- <tocsect3 name="29.12.1 Manipulating the User Accounting Database" url="chapters_29.html#SEC620"/>
- <tocsect3 name="29.12.2 XPG User Accounting Database Functions" url="chapters_29.html#SEC621"/>
- <tocsect3 name="29.12.3 Logging In and Out" url="chapters_29.html#SEC622"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="29.13 User Database" url="chapters_29.html#SEC623">
- <tocsect3 name="29.13.1 The Data Structure that Describes a User" url="chapters_29.html#SEC624"/>
- <tocsect3 name="29.13.2 Looking Up One User" url="chapters_29.html#SEC625"/>
- <tocsect3 name="29.13.3 Scanning the List of All Users" url="chapters_29.html#SEC626"/>
- <tocsect3 name="29.13.4 Writing a User Entry" url="chapters_29.html#SEC627"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="29.14 Group Database" url="chapters_29.html#SEC628">
- <tocsect3 name="29.14.1 The Data Structure for a Group" url="chapters_29.html#SEC629"/>
- <tocsect3 name="29.14.2 Looking Up One Group" url="chapters_29.html#SEC630"/>
- <tocsect3 name="29.14.3 Scanning the List of All Groups" url="chapters_29.html#SEC631"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="29.15 User and Group Database Example" url="chapters_29.html#SEC632"/>
- <tocsect2 name="29.16 Netgroup Database" url="chapters_29.html#SEC633">
- <tocsect3 name="29.16.1 Netgroup Data" url="chapters_29.html#SEC634"/>
- <tocsect3 name="29.16.2 Looking up one Netgroup" url="chapters_29.html#SEC635"/>
- <tocsect3 name="29.16.3 Testing for Netgroup Membership" url="chapters_29.html#SEC636"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="30. System Management" url="chapters_30.html#SEC637">
- <tocsect2 name="30.1 Host Identification" url="chapters_30.html#SEC638"/>
- <tocsect2 name="30.2 Platform Type Identification" url="chapters_30.html#SEC639"/>
- <tocsect2 name="30.3 Controlling and Querying Mounts" url="chapters_30.html#SEC640">
- <tocsect3 name="30.3.1 Mount Information" url="chapters_30.html#SEC641">
- <tocsect4 name="30.3.1.1 The `fstab' file" url="chapters_30.html#SEC642"/>
- <tocsect4 name="30.3.1.2 The `mtab' file" url="chapters_30.html#SEC643"/>
- <tocsect4 name="30.3.1.3 Other (Non-libc) Sources of Mount Information" url="chapters_30.html#SEC644"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="30.3.2 Mount, Unmount, Remount" url="chapters_30.html#SEC645"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="30.4 System Parameters" url="chapters_30.html#SEC646"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="31. System Configuration Parameters" url="chapters_31.html#SEC647">
- <tocsect2 name="31.1 General Capacity Limits" url="chapters_31.html#SEC648"/>
- <tocsect2 name="31.2 Overall System Options" url="chapters_31.html#SEC649"/>
- <tocsect2 name="31.3 Which Version of POSIX is Supported" url="chapters_31.html#SEC650"/>
- <tocsect2 name="31.4 Using sysconf" url="chapters_31.html#SEC651">
- <tocsect3 name="31.4.1 Definition of sysconf" url="chapters_31.html#SEC652"/>
- <tocsect3 name="31.4.2 Constants for sysconf Parameters" url="chapters_31.html#SEC653"/>
- <tocsect3 name="31.4.3 Examples of sysconf" url="chapters_31.html#SEC654"/>
- </tocsect2>
- <tocsect2 name="31.5 Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits" url="chapters_31.html#SEC655"/>
- <tocsect2 name="31.6 Limits on File System Capacity" url="chapters_31.html#SEC656"/>
- <tocsect2 name="31.7 Optional Features in File Support" url="chapters_31.html#SEC657"/>
- <tocsect2 name="31.8 Minimum Values for File System Limits" url="chapters_31.html#SEC658"/>
- <tocsect2 name="31.9 Using pathconf" url="chapters_31.html#SEC659"/>
- <tocsect2 name="31.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits" url="chapters_31.html#SEC660"/>
- <tocsect2 name="31.11 Minimum Values for Utility Limits" url="chapters_31.html#SEC661"/>
- <tocsect2 name="31.12 String-Valued Parameters" url="chapters_31.html#SEC662"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="32. DES Encryption and Password Handling" url="chapters_32.html#SEC663">
- <tocsect2 name="32.1 Legal Problems" url="chapters_32.html#SEC664"/>
- <tocsect2 name="32.2 Reading Passwords" url="chapters_32.html#SEC665"/>
- <tocsect2 name="32.3 Encrypting Passwords" url="chapters_32.html#SEC666"/>
- <tocsect2 name="32.4 DES Encryption" url="chapters_32.html#SEC667"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="33. Debugging support" url="chapters_33.html#SEC668">
- <tocsect2 name="33.1 Backtraces" url="chapters_33.html#SEC669"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="34. POSIX Threads" url="chapters_34.html#SEC670">
- <tocsect2 name="34.1 Basic Thread Operations" url="chapters_34.html#SEC671"/>
- <tocsect2 name="34.2 Thread Attributes" url="chapters_34.html#SEC672"/>
- <tocsect2 name="34.3 Cancellation" url="chapters_34.html#SEC673"/>
- <tocsect2 name="34.4 Cleanup Handlers" url="chapters_34.html#SEC674"/>
- <tocsect2 name="34.5 Mutexes" url="chapters_34.html#SEC675"/>
- <tocsect2 name="34.6 Condition Variables" url="chapters_34.html#SEC676"/>
- <tocsect2 name="34.7 POSIX Semaphores" url="chapters_34.html#SEC677"/>
- <tocsect2 name="34.8 Thread-Specific Data" url="chapters_34.html#SEC678"/>
- <tocsect2 name="34.9 Threads and Signal Handling" url="chapters_34.html#SEC679"/>
- <tocsect2 name="34.10 Threads and Fork" url="chapters_34.html#SEC680"/>
- <tocsect2 name="34.11 Streams and Fork" url="chapters_34.html#SEC681"/>
- <tocsect2 name="34.12 Miscellaneous Thread Functions" url="chapters_34.html#SEC682"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="A. C Language Facilities in the Library" url="chapters_35.html#SEC683">
- <tocsect2 name="A.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency" url="chapters_35.html#SEC684"/>
- <tocsect2 name="A.2 Variadic Functions" url="chapters_35.html#SEC685">
- <tocsect3 name="A.2.1 Why Variadic Functions are Used" url="chapters_35.html#SEC686"/>
- <tocsect3 name="A.2.2 How Variadic Functions are Defined and Used" url="chapters_35.html#SEC687">
- <tocsect4 name="A.2.2.1 Syntax for Variable Arguments" url="chapters_35.html#SEC688"/>
- <tocsect4 name="A.2.2.2 Receiving the Argument Values" url="chapters_35.html#SEC689"/>
- <tocsect4 name="A.2.2.3 How Many Arguments Were Supplied" url="chapters_35.html#SEC690"/>
- <tocsect4 name="A.2.2.4 Calling Variadic Functions" url="chapters_35.html#SEC691"/>
- <tocsect4 name="A.2.2.5 Argument Access Macros" url="chapters_35.html#SEC692"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="A.2.3 Example of a Variadic Function" url="chapters_35.html#SEC693">
- <tocsect4 name="A.2.3.1 Old-Style Variadic Functions" url="chapters_35.html#SEC694"/>
- </tocsect3>
- </tocsect2>
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- <tocsect2 name="A.4 Important Data Types" url="chapters_35.html#SEC696"/>
- <tocsect2 name="A.5 Data Type Measurements" url="chapters_35.html#SEC697">
- <tocsect3 name="A.5.1 Computing the Width of an Integer Data Type" url="chapters_35.html#SEC698"/>
- <tocsect3 name="A.5.2 Range of an Integer Type" url="chapters_35.html#SEC699"/>
- <tocsect3 name="A.5.3 Floating Type Macros" url="chapters_35.html#SEC700">
- <tocsect4 name="A.5.3.1 Floating Point Representation Concepts" url="chapters_35.html#SEC701"/>
- <tocsect4 name="A.5.3.2 Floating Point Parameters" url="chapters_35.html#SEC702"/>
- <tocsect4 name="A.5.3.3 IEEE Floating Point" url="chapters_35.html#SEC703"/>
- </tocsect3>
- <tocsect3 name="A.5.4 Structure Field Offset Measurement" url="chapters_35.html#SEC704"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="B. Summary of Library Facilities" url="chapters_36.html#SEC705"/>
-<tocsect1 name="C. Installing the GNU C Library" url="chapters_37.html#SEC706">
- <tocsect2 name="C.1 Configuring and compiling GNU Libc" url="chapters_37.html#SEC707"/>
- <tocsect2 name="C.2 Installing the C Library" url="chapters_37.html#SEC708"/>
- <tocsect2 name="C.3 Recommended Tools for Compilation" url="chapters_37.html#SEC709"/>
- <tocsect2 name="C.4 Supported Configurations" url="chapters_37.html#SEC710"/>
- <tocsect2 name="C.5 Specific advice for Linux systems" url="chapters_37.html#SEC711"/>
- <tocsect2 name="C.6 Reporting Bugs" url="chapters_37.html#SEC712"/>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="D. Library Maintenance" url="chapters_38.html#SEC713">
- <tocsect2 name="D.1 Adding New Functions" url="chapters_38.html#SEC714"/>
- <tocsect2 name="D.2 Porting the GNU C Library" url="chapters_38.html#SEC715">
- <tocsect3 name="D.2.1 Layout of the `sysdeps' Directory Hierarchy" url="chapters_38.html#SEC716"/>
- <tocsect3 name="D.2.2 Porting the GNU C Library to Unix Systems" url="chapters_38.html#SEC717"/>
- </tocsect2>
-</tocsect1>
-<tocsect1 name="E. Contributors to the GNU C Library" url="chapters_39.html#SEC718"/>
+<title>LibC</title>
+<base href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node"/>
+
+<tocsect1 name="01 Introduction" url="Introduction.html#Introduction">
+ <tocsect2 name="1.1 Getting Started" url="Getting-Started.html#Getting-Started"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="1.2 Standards and Portability" url="Standards-and-Portability.html#Standards-and-Portability"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="1.3 Using the Library" url="Using-the-Library.html#Using-the-Library"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="1.4 Roadmap to the Manual" url="Roadmap-to-the-Manual.html#Roadmap-to-the-Manual"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="02 Error Reporting" url="Error-Reporting.html#Error-Reporting">
+ <tocsect2 name="2.1 Checking for Errors" url="Checking-for-Errors.html#Checking-for-Errors"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="2.2 Error Codes" url="Error-Codes.html#Error-Codes"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="2.3 Error Messages" url="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="03 Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging" url="Memory.html#Memory">
+ <tocsect2 name="3.1 Process Memory Concepts" url="Memory-Concepts.html#Memory-Concepts"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="3.2 Allocating Storage For Program Data" url="Memory-Allocation.html#Memory-Allocation"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="3.3 Resizing the Data Segment" url="Resizing-the-Data-Segment.html#Resizing-the-Data-Segment"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="3.4 Locking Pages" url="Locking-Pages.html#Locking-Pages"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="04 Character Handling" url="Character-Handling.html#Character-Handling">
+ <tocsect2 name="4.1 Classification of Characters" url="Classification-of-Characters.html#Classification-of-Characters"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="4.2 Case Conversion" url="Case-Conversion.html#Case-Conversion"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="4.3 Character class determination for wide characters" url="Classification-of-Wide-Characters.html#Classification-of-Wide-Characters"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="4.4 Notes on using the wide character classes" url="Using-Wide-Char-Classes.html#Using-Wide-Char-Classes"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="4.5 Mapping of wide characters." url="Wide-Character-Case-Conversion.html#Wide-Character-Case-Conversion"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="05 String and Array Utilities" url="String-and-Array-Utilities.html#String-and-Array-Utilities">
+ <tocsect2 name="5.1 Representation of Strings" url="Representation-of-Strings.html#Representation-of-Strings"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="5.2 String and Array Conventions" url="String_002fArray-Conventions.html#String_002fArray-Conventions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="5.3 String Length" url="String-Length.html#String-Length"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="5.4 Copying and Concatenation" url="Copying-and-Concatenation.html#Copying-and-Concatenation"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="5.5 String/Array Comparison" url="String_002fArray-Comparison.html#String_002fArray-Comparison"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="5.6 Collation Functions" url="Collation-Functions.html#Collation-Functions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="5.7 Search Functions" url="Search-Functions.html#Search-Functions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="5.8 Finding Tokens in a String" url="Finding-Tokens-in-a-String.html#Finding-Tokens-in-a-String"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="5.9 strfry" url="strfry.html#strfry"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="5.10 Trivial Encryption" url="Trivial-Encryption.html#Trivial-Encryption"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="5.11 Encode Binary Data" url="Encode-Binary-Data.html#Encode-Binary-Data"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="5.12 Argz and Envz Vectors" url="Argz-and-Envz-Vectors.html#Argz-and-Envz-Vectors"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="06 Character Set Handling" url="Character-Set-Handling.html#Character-Set-Handling">
+ <tocsect2 name="6.1 Introduction to Extended Characters" url="Extended-Char-Intro.html#Extended-Char-Intro"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="6.2 Overview about Character Handling Functions" url="Charset-Function-Overview.html#Charset-Function-Overview"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="6.3 Restartable Multibyte Conversion Functions" url="Restartable-multibyte-conversion.html#Restartable-multibyte-conversion"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="6.4 Non-reentrant Conversion Function" url="Non_002dreentrant-Conversion.html#Non_002dreentrant-Conversion"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="6.5 Generic Charset Conversion" url="Generic-Charset-Conversion.html#Generic-Charset-Conversion"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="07 Locales and Internationalization" url="Locales.html#Locales">
+ <tocsect2 name="7.1 What Effects a Locale Has" url="Effects-of-Locale.html#Effects-of-Locale"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="7.2 Choosing a Locale" url="Choosing-Locale.html#Choosing-Locale"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="7.3 Locale Categories" url="Locale-Categories.html#Locale-Categories"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="7.4 How Programs Set the Locale" url="Setting-the-Locale.html#Setting-the-Locale"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="7.5 Standard Locales" url="Standard-Locales.html#Standard-Locales"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="7.6 Locale Names" url="Locale-Names.html#Locale-Names"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="7.7 Accessing Locale Information" url="Locale-Information.html#Locale-Information"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="7.8 A dedicated function to format numbers" url="Formatting-Numbers.html#Formatting-Numbers"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="7.9 Yes-or-No Questions" url="Yes_002dor_002dNo-Questions.html#Yes_002dor_002dNo-Questions"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="08 Message Translation" url="Message-Translation.html#Message-Translation">
+ <tocsect2 name="8.1 X/Open Message Catalog Handling" url="Message-catalogs-a-la-X_002fOpen.html#Message-catalogs-a-la-X_002fOpen"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="8.2 The Uniforum approach to Message Translation" url="The-Uniforum-approach.html#The-Uniforum-approach"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="09 Searching and Sorting" url="Searching-and-Sorting.html#Searching-and-Sorting">
+ <tocsect2 name="9.1 Defining the Comparison Function" url="Comparison-Functions.html#Comparison-Functions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="9.2 Array Search Function" url="Array-Search-Function.html#Array-Search-Function"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="9.3 Array Sort Function" url="Array-Sort-Function.html#Array-Sort-Function"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="9.4 Searching and Sorting Example" url="Search_002fSort-Example.html#Search_002fSort-Example"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="9.5 The hsearch function" url="Hash-Search-Function.html#Hash-Search-Function"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="9.6 The tsearch function" url="Tree-Search-Function.html#Tree-Search-Function"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="10 Pattern Matching" url="Pattern-Matching.html#Pattern-Matching">
+ <tocsect2 name="10.1 Wildcard Matching" url="Wildcard-Matching.html#Wildcard-Matching"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="10.2 Globbing" url="Globbing.html#Globbing"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="10.3 Regular Expression Matching" url="Regular-Expressions.html#Regular-Expressions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="10.4 Shell-Style Word Expansion" url="Word-Expansion.html#Word-Expansion"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="11 Input/Output Overview" url="I_002fO-Overview.html#I_002fO-Overview">
+ <tocsect2 name="11.1 Input/Output Concepts" url="I_002fO-Concepts.html#I_002fO-Concepts"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="11.2 File Names" url="File-Names.html#File-Names"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="12 Input/Output on Streams" url="I_002fO-on-Streams.html#I_002fO-on-Streams">
+ <tocsect2 name="12.1 Streams" url="Streams.html#Streams"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.2 Standard Streams" url="Standard-Streams.html#Standard-Streams"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.3 Opening Streams" url="Opening-Streams.html#Opening-Streams"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.4 Closing Streams" url="Closing-Streams.html#Closing-Streams"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.5 Streams and Threads" url="Streams-and-Threads.html#Streams-and-Threads"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.6 Streams in Internationalized Applications" url="Streams-and-I18N.html#Streams-and-I18N"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.7 Simple Output by Characters or Lines" url="Simple-Output.html#Simple-Output"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.8 Character Input" url="Character-Input.html#Character-Input"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.9 Line-Oriented Input" url="Line-Input.html#Line-Input"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.10 Unreading" url="Unreading.html#Unreading"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.11 Block Input/Output" url="Block-Input_002fOutput.html#Block-Input_002fOutput"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.12 Formatted Output" url="Formatted-Output.html#Formatted-Output"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.13 Customizing " url="Customizing-Printf.html#Customizing-Printf"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.14 Formatted Input" url="Formatted-Input.html#Formatted-Input"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.15 End-Of-File and Errors" url="EOF-and-Errors.html#EOF-and-Errors"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.16 Recovering from errors" url="Error-Recovery.html#Error-Recovery"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.17 Text and Binary Streams" url="Binary-Streams.html#Binary-Streams"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.18 File Positioning" url="File-Positioning.html#File-Positioning"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.19 Portable File-Position Functions" url="Portable-Positioning.html#Portable-Positioning"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.20 Stream Buffering" url="Stream-Buffering.html#Stream-Buffering"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.21 Other Kinds of Streams" url="Other-Kinds-of-Streams.html#Other-Kinds-of-Streams"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="12.22 Formatted Messages" url="Formatted-Messages.html#Formatted-Messages"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="13 Low-Level Input/Output" url="Low_002dLevel-I_002fO.html#Low_002dLevel-I_002fO">
+ <tocsect2 name="13.1 Opening and Closing Files" url="Opening-and-Closing-Files.html#Opening-and-Closing-Files"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.2 Input and Output Primitives" url="I_002fO-Primitives.html#I_002fO-Primitives"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor" url="File-Position-Primitive.html#File-Position-Primitive"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.4 Descriptors and Streams" url="Descriptors-and-Streams.html#Descriptors-and-Streams"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors" url="Stream_002fDescriptor-Precautions.html#Stream_002fDescriptor-Precautions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.6 Fast Scatter-Gather I/O" url="Scatter_002dGather.html#Scatter_002dGather"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.7 Memory-mapped I/O" url="Memory_002dmapped-I_002fO.html#Memory_002dmapped-I_002fO"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.8 Waiting for Input or Output" url="Waiting-for-I_002fO.html#Waiting-for-I_002fO"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.9 Synchronizing I/O operations" url="Synchronizing-I_002fO.html#Synchronizing-I_002fO"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.10 Perform I/O Operations in Parallel" url="Asynchronous-I_002fO.html#Asynchronous-I_002fO"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.11 Control Operations on Files" url="Control-Operations.html#Control-Operations"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.12 Duplicating Descriptors" url="Duplicating-Descriptors.html#Duplicating-Descriptors"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.13 File Descriptor Flags" url="Descriptor-Flags.html#Descriptor-Flags"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.14 File Status Flags" url="File-Status-Flags.html#File-Status-Flags"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.15 File Locks" url="File-Locks.html#File-Locks"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.16 Open File Description Locks" url="Open-File-Description-Locks.html#Open-File-Description-Locks"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.17 Open File Description Locks Example" url="Open-File-Description-Locks-Example.html#Open-File-Description-Locks-Example"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.18 Interrupt-Driven Input" url="Interrupt-Input.html#Interrupt-Input"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="13.19 Generic I/O Control operations" url="IOCTLs.html#IOCTLs"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="14 File System Interface" url="File-System-Interface.html#File-System-Interface">
+ <tocsect2 name="14.1 Working Directory" url="Working-Directory.html#Working-Directory"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="14.2 Accessing Directories" url="Accessing-Directories.html#Accessing-Directories"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="14.3 Working with Directory Trees" url="Working-with-Directory-Trees.html#Working-with-Directory-Trees"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="14.4 Hard Links" url="Hard-Links.html#Hard-Links"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="14.5 Symbolic Links" url="Symbolic-Links.html#Symbolic-Links"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="14.6 Deleting Files" url="Deleting-Files.html#Deleting-Files"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="14.7 Renaming Files" url="Renaming-Files.html#Renaming-Files"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="14.8 Creating Directories" url="Creating-Directories.html#Creating-Directories"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="14.9 File Attributes" url="File-Attributes.html#File-Attributes"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="14.10 Making Special Files" url="Making-Special-Files.html#Making-Special-Files"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="14.11 Temporary Files" url="Temporary-Files.html#Temporary-Files"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="15 Pipes and FIFOs" url="Pipes-and-FIFOs.html#Pipes-and-FIFOs">
+ <tocsect2 name="15.1 Creating a Pipe" url="Creating-a-Pipe.html#Creating-a-Pipe"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="15.2 Pipe to a Subprocess" url="Pipe-to-a-Subprocess.html#Pipe-to-a-Subprocess"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="15.3 FIFO Special Files" url="FIFO-Special-Files.html#FIFO-Special-Files"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="15.4 Atomicity of Pipe I/O" url="Pipe-Atomicity.html#Pipe-Atomicity"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="16 Sockets" url="Sockets.html#Sockets">
+ <tocsect2 name="16.1 Socket Concepts" url="Socket-Concepts.html#Socket-Concepts"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="16.2 Communication Styles" url="Communication-Styles.html#Communication-Styles"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="16.3 Socket Addresses" url="Socket-Addresses.html#Socket-Addresses"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="16.4 Interface Naming" url="Interface-Naming.html#Interface-Naming"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="16.5 The Local Namespace" url="Local-Namespace.html#Local-Namespace"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="16.6 The Internet Namespace" url="Internet-Namespace.html#Internet-Namespace"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="16.7 Other Namespaces" url="Misc-Namespaces.html#Misc-Namespaces"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="16.8 Opening and Closing Sockets" url="Open_002fClose-Sockets.html#Open_002fClose-Sockets"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="16.9 Using Sockets with Connections" url="Connections.html#Connections"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="16.10 Datagram Socket Operations" url="Datagrams.html#Datagrams"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="16.11 The inetd Daemon" url="Inetd.html#Inetd"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="16.12 Socket Options" url="Socket-Options.html#Socket-Options"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="16.13 Networks Database" url="Networks-Database.html#Networks-Database"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="17 Low-Level Terminal Interface"
+ url="Low_002dLevel-Terminal-Interface.html#Low_002dLevel-Terminal-Interface">
+ <tocsect2 name="17.1 Identifying Terminals" url="Is-It-a-Terminal.html#Is-It-a-Terminal"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="17.2 I/O Queues" url="I_002fO-Queues.html#I_002fO-Queues"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="17.3 Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not" url="Canonical-or-Not.html#Canonical-or-Not"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="17.4 Terminal Modes" url="Terminal-Modes.html#Terminal-Modes"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="17.5 BSD Terminal Modes" url="BSD-Terminal-Modes.html#BSD-Terminal-Modes"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="17.6 Line Control Functions" url="Line-Control.html#Line-Control"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="17.7 Noncanonical Mode Example" url="Noncanon-Example.html#Noncanon-Example"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="17.8 Pseudo-Terminals" url="Pseudo_002dTerminals.html#Pseudo_002dTerminals"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="18 Syslog" url="Syslog.html#Syslog">
+ <tocsect2 name="18.1 Overview of Syslog" url="Overview-of-Syslog.html#Overview-of-Syslog"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="18.2 Submitting Syslog Messages" url="Submitting-Syslog-Messages.html#Submitting-Syslog-Messages"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="19 Mathematics" url="Mathematics.html#Mathematics">
+ <tocsect2 name="19.1 Predefined Mathematical Constants" url="Mathematical-Constants.html#Mathematical-Constants"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="19.2 Trigonometric Functions" url="Trig-Functions.html#Trig-Functions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="19.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions" url="Inverse-Trig-Functions.html#Inverse-Trig-Functions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="19.4 Exponentiation and Logarithms" url="Exponents-and-Logarithms.html#Exponents-and-Logarithms"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="19.5 Hyperbolic Functions" url="Hyperbolic-Functions.html#Hyperbolic-Functions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="19.6 Special Functions" url="Special-Functions.html#Special-Functions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="19.7 Known Maximum Errors in Math Functions" url="Errors-in-Math-Functions.html#Errors-in-Math-Functions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="19.8 Pseudo-Random Numbers" url="Pseudo_002dRandom-Numbers.html#Pseudo_002dRandom-Numbers"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="19.9 Is Fast Code or Small Code preferred?" url="FP-Function-Optimizations.html#FP-Function-Optimizations"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="20 Arithmetic Functions" url="Arithmetic.html#Arithmetic">
+ <tocsect2 name="20.1 Integers" url="Integers.html#Integers"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="20.2 Integer Division" url="Integer-Division.html#Integer-Division"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="20.3 Floating Point Numbers" url="Floating-Point-Numbers.html#Floating-Point-Numbers"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="20.4 Floating-Point Number Classification Functions" url="Floating-Point-Classes.html#Floating-Point-Classes"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="20.5 Errors in Floating-Point Calculations" url="Floating-Point-Errors.html#Floating-Point-Errors"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="20.6 Rounding Modes" url="Rounding.html#Rounding"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="20.7 Floating-Point Control Functions" url="Control-Functions.html#Control-Functions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="20.8 Arithmetic Functions" url="Arithmetic-Functions.html#Arithmetic-Functions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="20.9 Complex Numbers" url="Complex-Numbers.html#Complex-Numbers"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="20.10 Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers" url="Operations-on-Complex.html#Operations-on-Complex"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="20.11 Parsing of Numbers" url="Parsing-of-Numbers.html#Parsing-of-Numbers"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="20.12 Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions" url="System-V-Number-Conversion.html#System-V-Number-Conversion"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="21 Date and Time" url="Date-and-Time.html#Date-and-Time">
+ <tocsect2 name="21.1 Time Basics" url="Time-Basics.html#Time-Basics"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="21.2 Elapsed Time" url="Elapsed-Time.html#Elapsed-Time"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="21.3 Processor And CPU Time" url="Processor-And-CPU-Time.html#Processor-And-CPU-Time"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="21.4 Calendar Time" url="Calendar-Time.html#Calendar-Time"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="21.5 Setting an Alarm" url="Setting-an-Alarm.html#Setting-an-Alarm"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="21.6 Sleeping" url="Sleeping.html#Sleeping"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="22 Resource Usage And Limitation" url="Resource-Usage-And-Limitation.html#Resource-Usage-And-Limitation">
+ <tocsect2 name="22.1 Resource Usage" url="Resource-Usage.html#Resource-Usage"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="22.2 Limiting Resource Usage" url="Limits-on-Resources.html#Limits-on-Resources"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="22.3 Process CPU Priority And Scheduling" url="Priority.html#Priority"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="22.4 Querying memory available resources" url="Memory-Resources.html#Memory-Resources"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="22.5 Learn about the processors available" url="Processor-Resources.html#Processor-Resources"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="23 Non-Local Exits" url="Non_002dLocal-Exits.html#Non_002dLocal-Exits">
+ <tocsect2 name="23.1 Introduction to Non-Local Exits" url="Non_002dLocal-Intro.html#Non_002dLocal-Intro"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="23.2 Details of Non-Local Exits" url="Non_002dLocal-Details.html#Non_002dLocal-Details"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="23.3 Non-Local Exits and Signals" url="Non_002dLocal-Exits-and-Signals.html#Non_002dLocal-Exits-and-Signals"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="23.4 Complete Context Control" url="System-V-contexts.html#System-V-contexts"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="24 Signal Handling" url="Signal-Handling.html#Signal-Handling">
+ <tocsect2 name="24.1 Basic Concepts of Signals" url="Concepts-of-Signals.html#Concepts-of-Signals"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="24.2 Standard Signals" url="Standard-Signals.html#Standard-Signals"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="24.3 Specifying Signal Actions" url="Signal-Actions.html#Signal-Actions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="24.4 Defining Signal Handlers" url="Defining-Handlers.html#Defining-Handlers"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="24.5 Primitives Interrupted by Signals" url="Interrupted-Primitives.html#Interrupted-Primitives"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="24.6 Generating Signals" url="Generating-Signals.html#Generating-Signals"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="24.7 Blocking Signals" url="Blocking-Signals.html#Blocking-Signals"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="24.8 Waiting for a Signal" url="Waiting-for-a-Signal.html#Waiting-for-a-Signal"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="24.9 Using a Separate Signal Stack" url="Signal-Stack.html#Signal-Stack"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="24.10 BSD Signal Handling" url="BSD-Signal-Handling.html#BSD-Signal-Handling"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="25 The Basic Program/System Interface" url="Program-Basics.html#Program-Basics">
+ <tocsect2 name="25.1 Program Arguments" url="Program-Arguments.html#Program-Arguments"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="25.2 Parsing program options using " url="Getopt.html#Getopt"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="25.3 Parsing Program Options with Argp" url="Argp.html#Argp"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="25.4 Environment Variables" url="Environment-Variables.html#Environment-Variables"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="25.5 Auxiliary Vector" url="Auxiliary-Vector.html#Auxiliary-Vector"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="25.6 System Calls" url="System-Calls.html#System-Calls"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="25.7 Program Termination" url="Program-Termination.html#Program-Termination"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="26 Processes" url="Processes.html#Processes">
+ <tocsect2 name="26.1 Running a Command" url="Running-a-Command.html#Running-a-Command"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="26.2 Process Creation Concepts" url="Process-Creation-Concepts.html#Process-Creation-Concepts"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="26.3 Process Identification" url="Process-Identification.html#Process-Identification"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="26.4 Creating a Process" url="Creating-a-Process.html#Creating-a-Process"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="26.5 Executing a File" url="Executing-a-File.html#Executing-a-File"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="26.6 Process Completion" url="Process-Completion.html#Process-Completion"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="26.7 Process Completion Status" url="Process-Completion-Status.html#Process-Completion-Status"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="26.8 BSD Process Wait Functions" url="BSD-Wait-Functions.html#BSD-Wait-Functions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="26.9 Process Creation Example" url="Process-Creation-Example.html#Process-Creation-Example"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="27 Inter-Process Communication" url="Inter_002dProcess-Communication.html#Inter_002dProcess-Communication">
+ <tocsect2 name="27.1 Semaphores" url="Semaphores.html#Semaphores"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="28 Job Control" url="Job-Control.html#Job-Control">
+ <tocsect2 name="28.1 Concepts of Job Control" url="Concepts-of-Job-Control.html#Concepts-of-Job-Control"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="28.2 Job Control is Optional" url="Job-Control-is-Optional.html#Job-Control-is-Optional"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="28.3 Controlling Terminal of a Process" url="Controlling-Terminal.html#Controlling-Terminal"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="28.4 Access to the Controlling Terminal" url="Access-to-the-Terminal.html#Access-to-the-Terminal"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="28.5 Orphaned Process Groups" url="Orphaned-Process-Groups.html#Orphaned-Process-Groups"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="28.6 Implementing a Job Control Shell" url="Implementing-a-Shell.html#Implementing-a-Shell"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="28.7 Functions for Job Control" url="Functions-for-Job-Control.html#Functions-for-Job-Control"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="29 System Databases and Name Service Switch" url="Name-Service-Switch.html#Name-Service-Switch">
+ <tocsect2 name="29.1 NSS Basics" url="NSS-Basics.html#NSS-Basics"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="29.2 The NSS Configuration File" url="NSS-Configuration-File.html#NSS-Configuration-File"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="29.3 NSS Module Internals" url="NSS-Module-Internals.html#NSS-Module-Internals"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="29.4 Extending NSS" url="Extending-NSS.html#Extending-NSS"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="30 Users and Groups" url="Users-and-Groups.html#Users-and-Groups">
+ <tocsect2 name="30.1 User and Group IDs" url="User-and-Group-IDs.html#User-and-Group-IDs"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.2 The Persona of a Process" url="Process-Persona.html#Process-Persona"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.3 Why Change the Persona of a Process?" url="Why-Change-Persona.html#Why-Change-Persona"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.4 How an Application Can Change Persona" url="How-Change-Persona.html#How-Change-Persona"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.5 Reading the Persona of a Process" url="Reading-Persona.html#Reading-Persona"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.6 Setting the User ID" url="Setting-User-ID.html#Setting-User-ID"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.7 Setting the Group IDs" url="Setting-Groups.html#Setting-Groups"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.8 Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access" url="Enable_002fDisable-Setuid.html#Enable_002fDisable-Setuid"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.9 Setuid Program Example" url="Setuid-Program-Example.html#Setuid-Program-Example"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.10 Tips for Writing Setuid Programs" url="Tips-for-Setuid.html#Tips-for-Setuid"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.11 Identifying Who Logged In" url="Who-Logged-In.html#Who-Logged-In"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.12 The User Accounting Database" url="User-Accounting-Database.html#User-Accounting-Database"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.13 User Database" url="User-Database.html#User-Database"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.14 Group Database" url="Group-Database.html#Group-Database"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.15 User and Group Database Example" url="Database-Example.html#Database-Example"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="30.16 Netgroup Database" url="Netgroup-Database.html#Netgroup-Database"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="31 System Management" url="System-Management.html#System-Management">
+ <tocsect2 name="31.1 Host Identification" url="Host-Identification.html#Host-Identification"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="31.2 Platform Type Identification" url="Platform-Type.html#Platform-Type"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="31.3 Controlling and Querying Mounts" url="Filesystem-Handling.html#Filesystem-Handling"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="31.4 System Parameters" url="System-Parameters.html#System-Parameters"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="32 System Configuration Parameters" url="System-Configuration.html#System-Configuration">
+ <tocsect2 name="32.1 General Capacity Limits" url="General-Limits.html#General-Limits"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="32.2 Overall System Options" url="System-Options.html#System-Options"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="32.3 Which Version of POSIX is Supported" url="Version-Supported.html#Version-Supported"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="32.4 Using sysconf" url="Sysconf.html#Sysconf"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="32.5 Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits" url="Minimums.html#Minimums"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="32.6 Limits on File System Capacity" url="Limits-for-Files.html#Limits-for-Files"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="32.7 Optional Features in File Support" url="Options-for-Files.html#Options-for-Files"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="32.8 Minimum Values for File System Limits" url="File-Minimums.html#File-Minimums"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="32.9 Using pathconf" url="Pathconf.html#Pathconf"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="32.10 Utility Program Capacity Limits" url="Utility-Limits.html#Utility-Limits"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="32.11 Minimum Values for Utility Limits" url="Utility-Minimums.html#Utility-Minimums"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="32.12 String-Valued Parameters" url="String-Parameters.html#String-Parameters"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="33 DES Encryption and Password Handling" url="Cryptographic-Functions.html#Cryptographic-Functions">
+ <tocsect2 name="33.1 Legal Problems" url="Legal-Problems.html#Legal-Problems"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="33.2 Reading Passwords" url="getpass.html#getpass"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="33.3 Encrypting Passwords" url="crypt.html#crypt"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="33.4 DES Encryption" url="DES-Encryption.html#DES-Encryption"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="34 Debugging support" url="Debugging-Support.html#Debugging-Support">
+ <tocsect2 name="34.1 Backtraces" url="Backtraces.html#Backtraces"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="35 POSIX Threads" url="POSIX-Threads.html#POSIX-Threads">
+ <tocsect2 name="35.1 Thread-specific Data" url="Thread_002dspecific-Data.html#Thread_002dspecific-Data"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="35.2 Non-POSIX Extensions" url="Non_002dPOSIX-Extensions.html#Non_002dPOSIX-Extensions"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="36 Internal probes" url="Internal-Probes.html#Internal-Probes">
+ <tocsect2 name="36.1 Memory Allocation Probes" url="Memory-Allocation-Probes.html#Memory-Allocation-Probes"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="36.2 Mathematical Function Probes" url="Mathematical-Function-Probes.html#Mathematical-Function-Probes"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="36.3 Non-local Goto Probes" url="Non_002dlocal-Goto-Probes.html#Non_002dlocal-Goto-Probes"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="Appendix A C Language Facilities in the Library" url="Language-Features.html#Language-Features">
+ <tocsect2 name="A.1 Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency" url="Consistency-Checking.html#Consistency-Checking"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="A.2 Variadic Functions" url="Variadic-Functions.html#Variadic-Functions"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="A.3 Null Pointer Constant" url="Null-Pointer-Constant.html#Null-Pointer-Constant"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="A.4 Important Data Types" url="Important-Data-Types.html#Important-Data-Types"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="A.5 Data Type Measurements" url="Data-Type-Measurements.html#Data-Type-Measurements"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="Appendix B Summary of Library Facilities" url="Library-Summary.html#Library-Summary"/>
+
+<tocsect1 name="Appendix C Installing the GNU C Library" url="Installation.html#Installation">
+ <tocsect2 name="C.1 Configuring and compiling the GNU C Library" url="Configuring-and-compiling.html#Configuring-and-compiling"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="C.2 Installing the C Library" url="Running-make-install.html#Running-make-install"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="C.3 Recommended Tools for Compilation" url="Tools-for-Compilation.html#Tools-for-Compilation"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="C.4 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems" url="Linux.html#Linux"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="C.5 Reporting Bugs" url="Reporting-Bugs.html#Reporting-Bugs"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="Appendix D Library Maintenance" url="Maintenance.html#Maintenance">
+ <tocsect2 name="D.1 Adding New Functions" url="Source-Layout.html#Source-Layout"/>
+ <tocsect2 name="D.2 Porting the GNU C Library" url="Porting.html#Porting"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="Appendix E Platform-specific facilities" url="Platform.html#Platform">
+ <tocsect2 name="E.1 PowerPC-specific Facilities" url="PowerPC.html#PowerPC"/>
+</tocsect1>
+
+<tocsect1 name="Appendix F Contributors to the GNU C Library" url="Contributors.html#Contributors"/>
+
+<tocsect1 name="Appendix G Free Software Needs Free Documentation" url="Free-Manuals.html#Free-Manuals"/>
+
+<tocsect1 name="Appendix H GNU Lesser General Public License" url="Copying.html#Copying"/>
+
+<tocsect1 name="Appendix I GNU Free Documentation License" url="Documentation-License.html#Documentation-License"/>
+
</tdeveloptoc>
diff --git a/languages/cpp/doc/libstdc++.toc b/languages/cpp/doc/libstdc++.toc
index 16628929..a992d162 100644
--- a/languages/cpp/doc/libstdc++.toc
+++ b/languages/cpp/doc/libstdc++.toc
@@ -1,19 +1,85 @@
<!DOCTYPE tdeveloptoc>
<tdeveloptoc>
-<title>LIBSTDC++ (gcc.gnu.org)</title>
+<title>LibStdC++</title>
<base href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++"/>
-<tocsect1 name="Documentation" url="documentation.html"/>
-<tocsect1 name="Intro" url="17_intro/howto.html"/>
-<tocsect1 name="Library Support" url="18_support/howto.html"/>
-<tocsect1 name="Diagnostics" url="19_diagnostics/howto.html"/>
-<tocsect1 name="Utilities" url="20_util/howto.html"/>
-<tocsect1 name="Strings" url="21_strings/howto.html"/>
-<tocsect1 name="Localization" url="22_locale/howto.html"/>
-<tocsect1 name="Containers" url="23_containers/howto.html"/>
-<tocsect1 name="Iterators" url="24_iterators/howto.html"/>
-<tocsect1 name="Algorithms" url="25_algorithms/howto.html"/>
-<tocsect1 name="Numerics" url="26_numerics/howto.html"/>
-<tocsect1 name="I/O" url="27_io/howto.html"/>
-<tocsect1 name="Extensions" url="ext/howto.html"/>
+<tocsect1 name="I. Introduction" url="manual/intro.html">
+ <tocsect2 name="01. Status" url="manual/status.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="02. Setup" url="manual/setup.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="03. Using" url="manual/using.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+</tocsect1>
+<tocsect1 name="II. Standard Contents" url="manual/std_contents.html">
+ <tocsect2 name="04. Support" url="manual/support.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="05. Diagnostics" url="manual/diagnostics.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="06. Utilities" url="manual/utilities.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="07. Strings" url="manual/strings.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="08. Localization" url="manual/localization.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="09. Containers" url="manual/containers.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="10. Iterators" url="manual/iterators.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="11. Algorithms" url="manual/algorithms.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="12. Numerics" url="manual/numerics.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="13. Input and Output" url="manual/io.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="14. Atomics" url="manual/atomics.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="15. Concurrency" url="manual/concurrency.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+</tocsect1>
+<tocsect1 name="III. Extensions" url="manual/extensions.html">
+ <tocsect2 name="16. Compile Time Checks" url="manual/ext_compile_checks.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="17. Debug Mode" url="manual/debug_mode.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="18. Parallel Mode" url="manual/parallel_mode.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="19. Profile Mode" url="manual/profile_mode.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="20. The mt_allocator" url="manual/mt_allocator.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="21. The bitmap_allocator" url="manual/bitmap_allocator.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="22. Policy-Based Data Structures" url="manual/policy_data_structures.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="23. HP/SGI Extensions" url="manual/ext_containers.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="24. Utilities" url="manual/ext_utilities.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="25. Algorithms" url="manual/ext_algorithms.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="26. Numerics" url="manual/ext_numerics.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="27. Iterators" url="manual/ext_iterators.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="28. Input and Output" url="manual/ext_io.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="29. Demangling" url="manual/ext_demangling.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="30. Concurrency" url="manual/ext_concurrency.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+</tocsect1>
+<tocsect1 name="IV. Appendices" url="manual/appendix.html">
+ <tocsect2 name="A. Contributing" url="manual/appendix_contributing.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="B. Porting and Maintenance" url="manual/appendix_porting.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation" url="manual/appendix_free.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="D. GNU General Public License version 3" url="manual/appendix_gpl.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+ <tocsect2 name="E. GNU Free Documentation License" url="manual/appendix_gfdl.html">
+ </tocsect2>
+</tocsect1>
+
</tdeveloptoc>