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-<?xml version="1.0" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//KDE//DTD DocBook XML V4.2-Based Variant V1.1//EN" "dtd/kdex.dtd" [
- <!ENTITY % addindex "INCLUDE">
- <!ENTITY % English "INCLUDE" > <!-- change language only here -->
-]>
-
-<book lang="&language;">
-
-<bookinfo>
-<title>KDE Architecture Overview</title>
-
-<date></date>
-<releaseinfo></releaseinfo>
-
-<authorgroup>
-<author>
-<firstname>Bernd</firstname>
-<surname>Gehrmann</surname>
-<affiliation><address><email>bernd@kdevelop.org</email></address></affiliation>
-</author>
-</authorgroup>
-
-<copyright>
-<year>2001</year>
-<year>2002</year>
-<holder>Bernd Gehrmann</holder>
-</copyright>
-
-<legalnotice>&FDLNotice;</legalnotice>
-
-<abstract>
-<para>This documentation gives an overview of the KDE Development Platform</para>
-</abstract>
-
-<keywordset>
-<keyword>KDE</keyword>
-<keyword>architecture</keyword>
-<keyword>development</keyword>
-<keyword>programming</keyword>
-</keywordset>
-
-</bookinfo>
-
-<chapter id="structure">
-<title>Library structure</title>
-
-<simplesect id="structure-byname">
-<title>Libraries by name</title>
-
-<variablelist>
-
-<varlistentry>
-<term><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/index.html">tdecore</ulink></term>
-<listitem><para>
-The tdecore library is the basic application framework for every KDE based
-program. It provides access to the configuration system, command line
-handling, icon loading and manipulation, some special kinds inter-process
-communication, file handling and various other utilities.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry>
-<term><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/index.html">tdeui</ulink></term>
-<listitem><para>
-The <literal>tdeui</literal> library provides many widgets and standard
-dialogs which Qt doesn't have or which have more features than their Qt
-counterparts. It also includes several widgets which are subclassed
-from Qt ones and are better integrated with the KDE desktop by
-respecting user preferences.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry>
-<term><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeio/index.html">tdeio</ulink></term>
-<listitem><para>
-The <literal>tdeio</literal> library contains facilities for asynchronous,
-network transparent I/O and access to mimetype handling. It also provides the
-KDE file dialog and its helper classes.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry>
-<term><ulink url="kdeapi:kjs/index.html">kjs</ulink></term>
-<listitem><para>
-The <literal>kjs</literal> library provides an implementation of JavaScript.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry>
-<term><ulink url="kdeapi:tdehtml/index.html">tdehtml</ulink></term>
-<listitem><para>
-The <literal>tdehtml</literal> library contains the TDEHTML part, a HTML browsing
-widget, DOM API and parser, including interfaces to Java and JavaScript.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-</variablelist>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="structure-grouped">
-<title>Grouped classes</title>
-
-<para>
-Core application skeleton - classes needed by almost every application.
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara>
-<title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDEApplication">TDEApplication</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Initializes and controls a KDE application.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara>
-<title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KUniqueApplication">KUniqueApplication</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Makes sure only one instance of an application can run simultaneously.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDEAboutData">TDEAboutData</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Holds information for the about box.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDECmdLineArgs">TDECmdLineArgs</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Command line argument processing.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Configuration settings - access to KDE's hierarchical configuration
-database, global settings and application resources.
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDEConfig">TDEConfig</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Provides access to KDE's configuration database.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KSimpleConfig">KSimpleConfig</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Access to simple, non-hierarchical configuration files.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KDesktopFile">KDesktopFile</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Access to <literal>.desktop</literal> files.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDEGlobalSettings">TDEGlobalSettings</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Convenient access to not application-specific settings.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-File and URL handling - decoding of URLs, temporary files etc.
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KURL">KURL</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Represents and parses URLs.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KTempFile">KTempFile</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Creates unique files for temporary data.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KSaveFile">KSaveFile</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Allows to save files atomically.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Interprocess communication - DCOP helper classes and subprocess invocation.
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDEProcess">TDEProcess</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Invokes and controls child processes.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KShellProcess">KShellProcess</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Invokes child processes via a shell.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdesu/PtyProcess">PtyProcess</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Communication with a child processes through a pseudo terminal.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KIPC">KIPC</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Simple IPC mechanism using X11 ClientMessages.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:dcop/DCOPClient">DCOPClient</ulink></title>
-<para>
-DCOP messaging.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KDCOPPropertyProxy">KDCOPPropertyProxy</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A proxy class publishing Qt properties through DCOP.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KDCOPActionProxy">KDCOPActionProxy</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A proxy class publishing a DCOP interface for actions.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Utility classes - memory management, regular expressions, string manipulation,
-random numbers
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KRegExp">KRegExp</ulink></title>
-<para>
-POSIX regular expression matching.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KStringHandler">KStringHandler</ulink></title>
-<para>
-An extravagant interface for string manipulation.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDEZoneAllocator">TDEZoneAllocator</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Efficient memory allocator for large groups of small objects.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KRandomSequence">KRandomSequence</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Pseudo random number generator.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Keyboard accelerators - classes helping to establish consistent key bindings
-throughout the desktop.
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDEAccel">TDEAccel</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Collection of keyboard shortcuts.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDEStdAccel">TDEStdAccel</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Easy access to the common keyboard shortcut keys.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDEGlobalAccel"></ulink></title>
-<para>
-Collection of system-wide keyboard shortcuts.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Image processing - icon loading and manipulating.
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDEIconLoader">TDEIconLoader</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Loads icons in a theme-conforming way.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDEIconTheme">TDEIconTheme</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Helper classes for TDEIconLoader.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KPixmap">KPixmap</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A pixmap class with extended dithering capabilities.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KPixmapEffect">KPixmapEffect</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Pixmap effects like gradients and patterns.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KPixmapIO">KPixmapIO</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Fast <classname>QImage</classname> to <classname>QPixmap</classname> conversion.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Drag and Drop - drag objects for colors and URLs.
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KURLDrag">KURLDrag</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A drag object for URLs.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KColorDrag">KColorDrag</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A drag object for colors.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KMultipleDrag">KMultipleDrag</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Allows to construct drag objects from several others.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Auto-Completion
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDECompletion">TDECompletion</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Generic auto-completion of strings.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeio/KURLCompletion">KURLCompletion</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Auto-completion of URLs.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeio/KShellCompletion">KShellCompletion</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Auto-completion of executables.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Widgets - widget classes for list views, rules, color selection etc.
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/TDEListView">TDEListView</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A variant of <classname>QListView</classname> that honors KDE's system-wide settings.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/TDEListView">TDEListBox</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A variant of <classname>QListBox</classname> that honors KDE's system-wide settings.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/TDEListView">TDEIconView</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A variant of <classname>QIconView</classname> that honors KDE's system-wide settings.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/TDEListView">KLineEdit</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A variant of <classname>QLineEdit</classname> with completion support.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KComboBox">KComboBox</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A variant of <classname>QComboBox</classname> with completion support.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/TDEFontCombo">TDEFontCombo</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A combo box for selecting fonts.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KColorCombo">KColorCombo</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A combo box for selecting colors.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KColorButton">KColorButton</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A button for selecting colors.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KURLCombo">KURLCombo</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A combo box for selecting file names and URLs.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdefile/KURLRequester">KURLRequester</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A line edit for selecting file names and URLs.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KRuler">KRuler</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A ruler widget.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink
-url="kdeapi:tdeui/KAnimWidget">KAnimWidget</ulink></title>
-<para>
-animations.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KNumInput">KNumInput</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A widget for inputting numbers.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KPasswordEdit">KPasswordEdit</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A widget for inputting passwords.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Dialogs - full-featured dialogs for file, color and font selection.
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdefile/KFileDialog">KFileDialog</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A file selection dialog.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KColorDialog">KColorDialog</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A color selection dialog.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/TDEFontDialog">TDEFontDialog</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A font selection dialog.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdefile/TDEIconDialog">TDEIconDialog</ulink></title>
-<para>
-An icon selection dialog.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KKeyDialog">KKeyDialog</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A dialog for editing keyboard bindings.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KEditToolBar">KEditToolBar</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A dialog for editing toolbars.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KTipDialog">KTipDialog</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A Tip-of-the-day dialog.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/TDEAboutDialog">TDEAboutDialog</ulink></title>
-<para>
-An about dialog.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KLineEditDlg">KLineEditDlg</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A simple dialog for entering text.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdefile/KURLRequesterDlg">KURLRequesterDlg</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A simple dialog for entering URLs.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KMessageBox">KMessageBox</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A dialog for signaling errors and warnings.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KPasswordDialog">KPasswordDialog</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A dialog for inputting passwords.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Actions and XML GUI
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/TDEAction">TDEAction</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Abstraction for an action that can be plugged into menu bars and tool bars.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/TDEActionCollection">TDEActionCollection</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A set of actions.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KXMLGUIClient">KXMLGUIClient</ulink></title>
-<para>
-A GUI fragment consisting of an action collection and a DOM tree representing their location in the GUI.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeparts/KPartManager">KPartManager</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Manages the activation of XMLGUI clients.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Plugins and Components
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KLibrary">KLibrary</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Represents a dynamically loaded library.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KLibrary">KLibLoader</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Shared library loading.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KLibFactory">KLibFactory</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Object factory in plugins.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeio/KServiceType">KServiceType</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Represents a service type.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeio/KService">KService</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Represents a service.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeio/KMimeType">KMimeType</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Represents a MIME type.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeio/KServiceTypeProfile">KServiceTypeProfile</ulink></title>
-<para>
-User preferences for MIME type mappings.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara><title><ulink url="kdeapi:tdeio/KServiceTypeProfile">TDETrader</ulink></title>
-<para>
-Querying for services.
-</para>
-</formalpara></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-</chapter>
-
-
-
-<chapter id="graphics">
-<title>Graphics</title>
-
-<sect1 id="graphics-qpainter">
-<title>Low-level graphics with QPainter</title>
-
-<simplesect id="qpainter-rendering">
-<title>Rendering with QPainter</title>
-
-<para>
-Qt's low level imaging model is based on the capabilities provided by X11 and
-other windowing systems for which Qt ports exist. But it also extends these by
-implementing additional features such as arbitrary affine transformations for
-text and pixmaps.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-The central graphics class for 2D painting with Qt is
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QPainter">QPainter</ulink>. It can
-draw on a
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QPaintDevice">QPaintDevice</ulink>.
-There are three possible paint devices implemented: One is
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QWidget">QWidget</ulink>
-which represents a widget on the screen. The second is
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QPrinter">QPrinter</ulink> which
-represents a printer and produces Postscript output. The third it
-the class
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QPicture">QPicture</ulink> which
-records paint commands and can save them on disk and play them back
-later. A possible storage format for paint commands is the W3C standard
-SVG.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-So, it is possible to reuse the rendering code you use for displaying a
-widget for printing, with the same features supported. Of course, in
-practice, the code is used in a slightly different context. Drawing
-on a widget is almost exclusively done in the paintEvent() method
-of a widget class.
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-void FooWidget::paintEvent()
-{
- QPainter p(this);
- // Setup painter
- // Use painter
-}
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-When drawing on a printer, you have to make sure to use QPrinter::newPage()
-to finish with a page and begin a new one - something that naturally is not
-relevant for painting widgets. Also, when printing, you may want to use the
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QPaintDeviceMetrics">device metrics</ulink>
-in order to compute coordinates.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="qpainter-transformations">
-<title>Transformations</title>
-
-<para>
-By default, when using QPainter, it draws in the natural coordinate
-system of the device used. This means, if you draw a line along the horizontal
-axis with a length of 10 units, it will be painted as a horizontal line
-on the screen with a length of 10 pixels. However, QPainter can apply arbitrary
-affine transformations before actually rendering shapes and curves. An
-affine transformation maps the x and y coordinates linearly into x' and
-y' according to
-</para>
-
-<mediaobject>
-<imageobject><imagedata fileref="affine-general.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject>
-
-<para>
-The 3x3 matrix in this equation can be set with QPainter::setWorldMatrix() and
-is of type <ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QWMatrix">QWMatrix</ulink>.
-Normally, this is the identity matrix, i.e. m11 and m22 are one, and the
-other parameters are zero. There are basically three different groups of
-transformations:
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><formalpara>
-<title>Translations</title>
-<para>
-These move all points of an object by a fixed amount in
-some direction. A translation matrix can be obtained by calling
-method m.translate(dx, dy) for a QWMatrix. This corresponds to the
-matrix
-</para>
-</formalpara>
-
-<mediaobject>
-<imageobject><imagedata fileref="affine-translate.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject>
-
-</listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara>
-<title>Scaling</title>
-<para>
-These stretch or shrink the coordinates of an object, making
-it bigger or smaller without distorting it. A scaling transformation
-can be applied to a QWMatrix by calling m.scale(sx, sy). This corresponds
-to the matrix
-</para>
-</formalpara>
-
-<mediaobject>
-<imageobject><imagedata fileref="affine-scale.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject>
-
-<para>
-By setting one of the parameters to a negative value, one can
-achieve a mirroring of the coordinate system.
-</para>
-
-</listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara>
-<title>Shearing</title>
-<para>
-A distortion of the coordinate system with two
-parameters. A shearing transformation can be applied by calling
-m.shear(sh, sv), corresponding to the matrix
-</para>
-</formalpara>
-
-<mediaobject>
- <imageobject><imagedata fileref="affine-shear.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject>
-
-</listitem>
-
-<listitem><formalpara>
-<title>Rotating</title>
-<para>
-This rotates an object. A rotation transformation can be
-applied by calling m.rotate(alpha). Note that the angle has to be given
-in degrees, not as mathematical angle! The corresponding matrix is
-</para>
-</formalpara>
-
-<mediaobject>
-<imageobject><imagedata fileref="affine-rotate.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject>
-
-<para>
-Note that a rotation is equivalent with a combination of
-scaling and shearing.
-</para>
-
-</listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Here are some pictures that show the effect of the elementary
-transformation to our masquot:
-</para>
-
-<informaltable frame="none">
-<tgroup cols="3">
-<tbody>
-<row>
-<entry><mediaobject>
- <imageobject><imagedata fileref="konqi-normal.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject></entry>
-<entry><mediaobject>
- <imageobject><imagedata fileref="konqi-rotated.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject></entry>
-<entry><mediaobject>
- <imageobject><imagedata fileref="konqi-sheared.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject></entry>
-<entry><mediaobject>
- <imageobject><imagedata fileref="konqi-mirrored.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject></entry>
-</row>
-<row>
-<entry>a) Normal</entry>
-<entry>b) Rotated by 30 degrees</entry>
-<entry>c) Sheared by 0.4</entry>
-<entry>d) Mirrored</entry>
-</row>
-</tbody>
-</tgroup>
-</informaltable>
-
-<para>
-Transformations can be combined by multiplying elementary matrices. Note that
-matrix operations are not commutative in general, and therefore the combined
-effect of of a concatenation depends on the order in which the matrices are
-multiplied.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="qpainter-strokeattributes">
-<title>Setting stroking attributes</title>
-
-<para>
-The rendering of lines, curves and outlines of polygons can be modified by
-setting a special pen with QPainter::setPen(). The argument of this function is a
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QPen">QPen</ulink> object. The properties
-stored in it are a style, a color, a join style and a cap style.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-The pen style is member of the enum
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/Qt#PenStyle-enum">Qt::PenStyle</ulink>.
-and can take one of the following values:
-</para>
-
-<mediaobject>
- <imageobject><imagedata fileref="penstyles.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject>
-
-<para>
-The join style is a member of the enum
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/Qt#PenJoinStyle-enum">Qt::PenJoinStyle</ulink>.
-It specifies how the junction between multiple lines which are attached to each
-other is drawn. It takes one of the following values:
-</para>
-
-<informaltable frame="none">
-<tgroup cols="3">
-<tbody>
-<row>
-<entry><mediaobject>
- <imageobject><imagedata fileref="joinmiter.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject></entry>
-<entry><mediaobject>
- <imageobject><imagedata fileref="joinbevel.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject></entry>
-<entry><mediaobject>
- <imageobject><imagedata fileref="joinround.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject></entry>
-</row>
-<row>
-<entry>a) MiterJoin</entry>
-<entry>c) BevelJoin</entry>
-<entry>b) RoundJoin</entry>
-</row>
-</tbody>
-</tgroup>
-</informaltable>
-
-<para>
-The cap style is a member of the enum
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/Qt#PenCapStyle-enum">Qt::PenCapStyle</ulink>and specifies how the end points of lines are drawn. It takes one of the values
-from the following table:
-</para>
-
-<informaltable frame="none">
-<tgroup cols="3">
-<tbody>
-<row>
-<entry><mediaobject>
- <imageobject><imagedata fileref="capflat.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject></entry>
-<entry><mediaobject>
- <imageobject><imagedata fileref="capsquare.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject></entry>
-<entry><mediaobject>
- <imageobject><imagedata fileref="capround.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject></entry>
-</row>
-<row>
-<entry>a) FlatCap</entry>
-<entry>b) SquareCap</entry>
-<entry>c) RoundCap</entry>
-</row>
-</tbody>
-</tgroup>
-</informaltable>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="qpainter-fillattributes">
-<title>Setting fill attributes</title>
-
-<para>
-The fill style of polygons, circles or rectangles can be modified by setting
-a special brush with QPainter::setBrush(). This function takes a
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QBrush">QBrush</ulink> object as argument.
-Brushes can be constructed in four different ways:
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-<listitem>
-<para>QBrush::QBrush() - This creates a brush that does not fill shapes.</para>
-</listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>QBrush::QBrush(BrushStyle) - This creates a black brush with one of the default
-patterns shown below.</para>
-</listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>QBrush::QBrush(const QColor &amp;, BrushStyle) - This creates a colored brush
-with one of the patterns shown below.</para>
-</listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>QBrush::QBrush(const QColor &amp;, const QPixmap) - This creates a colored
-brush with the custom pattern you give as second parameter.</para>
-</listitem>
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-A default brush style is from the enum
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/Qt#BrushStyle-enum">Qt::BrushStyle</ulink>.
-Here is a picture of all predefined patterns:
-</para>
-
-<mediaobject>
- <imageobject><imagedata fileref="brushstyles.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject>
-
-<para>
-A further way to customize the brush behavior is to use the function
-QPainter::setBrushOrigin().
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="qpainter-color">
-<title>Color</title>
-
-<para>
-Colors play a role both when stroking curves and when filling shapes. In Qt,
-colors are represented by the class
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QColor">QColor</ulink>. Qt does not support
-advanced graphics features like ICC color profiles and color correction. Colors
-are usually constructed by specifying their red, green and blue components, as
-the RGB model is the way pixels are composed of on a monitor.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-It is also possible to use hue, saturation and value. This HSV representation is
-what you use in the Gtk color dialog, e.g. in GIMP. There, the hue corresponds
-to the angle on the color wheel, while the saturation corresponds to the
-distance from the center of the circle. The value can be chosen with a separate
-slider.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="qpainter-paintsettings">
-<title>Other settings</title>
-
-<para>
-Normally, when you paint on a paint device, the pixels you draw replace those
-that were there previously. This means, if you paint a certain region with
-a red color and paint the same region with a blue color afterwards, only
-the blue color will be visible. Qt's imaging model does not support
-transparency, i.e. a way to blend the painted foreground with the background.
-However, there is a simple way to combine background and foreground with
-boolean operators. The method QPainter::setRasterOp() sets the used operator,
-which comes from the enum
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/Qt#RasterOp-enum">RasterOp</ulink>.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-The default is CopyROP which ignores the background. Another popular choice is
-XorROP. If you paint a black line with this operator on a colored image, then
-the covered area will be inverted. This effect is for example used to create
-the rubberband selections in image manipulation programs known as
-"marching ants".
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="qpainter-primitives">
-<title>Drawing graphics primitives</title>
-
-<para>
-In the following we list the elementary graphics elements supported by
-QPainter. Most of them exist in several overloaded versions which take a
-different number of arguments. For example, methods that deal with rectangles
-usually either take a
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QRect">QRect</ulink> as argument or a set
-of four integers.
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-<listitem>
-<para>Drawing a single point - drawPoint().</para>
-</listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>Drawing lines - drawLine(), drawLineSegments() and drawPolyLine().</para>
-</listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>Drawing and filling rectangles - drawRect(), drawRoundRect(),
-fillRect() and eraseRect().</para>
-</listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>Drawing and filling circles, ellipses and parts or them -
-drawEllipse(), drawArc(), drawPie and drawChord().</para>
-</listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>Drawing and filling general polygons - drawPolygon().</para>
-</listitem>
-<listitem>
-<para>Drawing bezier curves - drawQuadBezier() [drawCubicBezier in Qt 3.0].</para>
-</listitem>
-</itemizedlist>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="qpainter-pixmaps">
-<title>Drawing pixmaps and images</title>
-
-<para>
-Qt provides two very different classes to represent images.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QPixmap">QPixmap</ulink> directly corresponds
-to the pixmap objects in X11. Pixmaps are server-side objects and may - on a
-modern graphics card - even be stored directly in the card's memory. This makes
-it <emphasis>very</emphasis> efficient to transfer pixmaps to the screen. Pixmaps also act as
-an off-screen equivalent of widgets - the QPixmap class is a subclass of
-QPaintDevice, so you can draw on it with a QPainter. Elementary drawing
-operations are usually accelerated by modern graphics. Therefore, a common usage
-pattern is to use pixmaps for double buffering. This means, instead of painting
-directly on a widget, you paint on a temporary pixmap object and use the
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QPaintDevice#bitBlt-1">bitBlt</ulink>
-function to transfer the pixmap to the widget. For complex repaints, this helps
-to avoid flicker.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-In contrast, <ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QImage">QImage</ulink> objects
-live on the client side. Their emphasis in on providing direct access to the
-pixels of the image. This makes them of use for image manipulation, and things
-like loading and saving to disk (QPixmap's load() method takes QImage as
-intermediate step). On the other hand, painting an image on a widget is a
-relatively expensive operation, as it implies a transfer to the X server,
-which can take some time, especially for large images and for remote servers.
-Depending on the color depth, the conversion from QImage to QPixmap may also
-require dithering.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="qpainter-drawingtext">
-<title>Drawing text</title>
-
-<para>
-Text can be drawn with one of the overloaded variants of the method
-QPainter::drawText(). These draw a QString either at a given point or in a given
-rectangle, using the font set by QPainter::setFont(). There is also a parameter
-which takes an ORed combination of some flags from the enums
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/Qt#AlignmentFlags-enum">Qt::AlignmentFlags</ulink>
-and
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/Qt#TextFlags-enum">Qt::TextFlags</ulink>
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Beginning with version 3.0, Qt takes care of the complete text layout even for
-languages written from right to left.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-A more advanced way to display marked up text is the
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QSimpleRichText">QSimpleRichText</ulink>
-class. Objects of this class can be constructed with a piece of text using
-a subset of the HTML tags, which is quite rich and provides even tables.
-The text style can be customized by using a
-<ulink url="kdeapi/qt/QStyleSheet">QStyleSheet</ulink> (the
-documentation of the tags can also be found here). Once the rich text object has
-been constructed, it can be rendered on a widget or another paint device with
-the QSimpleRichText::draw() method.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-</sect1>
-
-
-<sect1 id="graphics-qcanvas">
-<title>Structured graphics with QCanvas</title>
-
-<para>
-QPainter offers a powerful imaging model for painting on widgets and pixmaps.
-However, it can also be cumbersome to use. Each time your widget receives
-a paint event, it has to analyze the QPaintEvent::region() or
-QPaintEvent::rect() which has to be redrawn. Then it has to setup a
-QPainter and paint all objects which overlap with that region. For example,
-image a vector graphics program which allows to drag objects like polygons,
-circles and groups of them around. Each time those objects move a bit, the
-widget's mouse event handler triggers a paint event for the whole area covered
-by the objects in their old position and in their new position. Figuring
-out the necessary redraws and doing them in an efficient way can be difficult,
-and it may also conflict with the object-oriented structure of the program's
-source code.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-As an alternative, Qt contains the class
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QCanvas">QCanvas</ulink> in which
-you put graphical objects like polygons, text, pixmaps. You may also provide
-additional items by subclassing
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QCanvasItem">QCanvasItem</ulink> or
-one of its more specialized subclasses. A canvas can be shown on the screen by
-one or more widgets of the class
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QCanvas">QCanvasView</ulink> which
-you have to subclass in order to handle user interactions. Qt takes care of
-all repaints of objects in the view, whether they are caused by the widget
-being exposed, new objects being created or modified or other things. By using
-double buffering, this can be done in an efficient and flicker-free way.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Canvas items can overlap each other. In this case, the visible one depends on
-the z order which can be assigned by QCanvasItem::setZ(). Items can also be
-made visible or invisible. You can also provide a background to be drawn
-"behind" all items and a foreground. For associating mouse events with objects,
-in the canvas, there is the method QCanvas::collisions() which returns a list
-of items overlapping with a given point. Here we show a screenshot of a canvas
-view in action:
-</para>
-
-<mediaobject>
-<imageobject><imagedata fileref="canvas.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject>
-
-<para>
-Here, the mesh is drawn in the background. Furthermore, there is a
-QCanvasText item and a violet QCanvasPolygon. The butterfly is a
-QCanvasPixmap. It has transparent areas, so you can see the underlying
-items through it.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-A tutorial on using QCanvas for writing sprite-based games can be
-found <ulink url="http://zez.org/article/articleview/2/1/">here</ulink>.
-</para>
-
-</sect1>
-
-
-<sect1 id="graphics-qglwidget">
-<title>3D graphics with OpenGL</title>
-
-<simplesect id="qglwidget-lowlevel">
-<title>Low-level interface</title>
-
-<para>
-The de facto standard for rendering 3D graphics today is
-<ulink url="http://www.opengl.org">OpenGL</ulink>. Implementations of this
-specification come with Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and XFree86 and often
-support the hardware acceleration features offered by modern graphics cards.
-OpenGL itself only deals with rendering on a specified area of the framebuffer
-through a <emphasis>GL context</emphasis> and does not have any interactions
-with the toolkit of the environment
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Qt offers the widget <ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QGLWidget">QGLWidget</ulink>
-which encapsulates a window with an associated GL context. Basically, you use it
-by subclassing it and reimplementing some methods.
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><para>
-Instead of reimplementing paintEvent() and using QPainter to draw the widget's
-contents, you override paintGL() and use GL commands to render a scene. QLWidget
-will take care of making its GL context the current one before paintGL() is
-called, and it will flush afterwards.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-The virtual method initializeGL() is called once before the first time resizeGL()
-or paintGL() are called. This can be used to construct display lists for objects,
-and make any initializations.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-Instead of reimplementing resizeEvent(), you override resizeGL(). This can
-be used to set the viewport appropriately.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-Instead of calling update() when the state of the scene has changed - for example
-when you animate it with a timer -, you should call updateGL(). This will trigger
-a repaint.
-</para></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-In general, QGLWidget behaves just like any other widget, i.e. for example
-you can process mouse events as usual, resize the widget and combine it with
-others in a layout.
-</para>
-
-<mediaobject>
-<imageobject><imagedata fileref="opengl.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject>
-
-<para>
-Qt contains some examples of QGLWidget usage in its <literal>demo</literal>
-example. A collection of tutorials can be found
-<ulink url="http://www.libsdl.org/opengl/intro.html">here</ulink>,
-and more information and a reference of OpenGL is available on the
-<ulink url="http://www.opengl.org">OpenGL homepage</ulink>.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="qglwidget-highlevel">
-<title>High-level interfaces</title>
-
-<para>
-OpenGL is a relatively low-level interface for drawing 3D graphics. In the same
-way QCanvas gives the programmer a higher-level interface which details with
-objects and their properties, there are also high-level interfaces for 3D graphics.
-One of the most popular is Open Inventor. Originally a technology developed by SGI,
-there is today also the open source implementation
-<ulink url="http://www.coin3d.org">Coin</ulink>, complemented by a toolkit binding to Qt
-called SoQt.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-The basic concept of Open Inventor is that of a <emphasis>scene</emphasis>.
-A scene can be loaded from disk and saved in a special format closely related
-to <ulink url="http://www.vrml.org">VRML</ulink>. A scene consists of a
-collection of objects called <emphasis>nodes</emphasis>. Inventor already
-provides a rich collection of reusable nodes, such as cubes, cylinders and
-meshes, furthermore light sources, materials, cameras etc. Nodes are
-represented by C++ classes and can be combined and subclassed.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-An introduction to Inventor can be found
-<ulink url="http://www.motifzone.com/tmd/articles/OpenInventor/OpenInventor.html">here</ulink>
-(in general, you can substitute all mentions of SoXt by SoQt in this article).
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-</sect1>
-
-</chapter>
-
-
-
-<chapter id="userinterface">
-<title>User interface</title>
-
-<sect1 id="userinterface-actionpattern">
-<title>The action pattern</title>
-
-<para></para>
-
-</sect1>
-
-
-<sect1 id="userinterface-xmlgui">
-<title>Defining menus and toolbars in XML</title>
-
-<simplesect id="xmlgui-intro">
-<title>Introduction</title>
-
-<para>
-While the <link linkend="userinterface-actionpattern">action pattern</link>
-allows to encapsulate actions triggered by the user in an object which can be
-"plugged" somewhere in the menu bars or toolbars, it does not by itself solve
-the problem of constructing the menus themselves. In particular, you have to
-build all popup menus in C++ code and explicitly insert the actions in a
-certain order, under consideration of the style guide for standard actions.
-This makes it pretty difficult to allow the user to customize the menus or
-change shortcuts to fit his needs, without changing the source code.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-This problem is solved by a set of classes called <literal>XMLGUI</literal>.
-Basically, this separates actions (coded in C++) from their appearance in menu
-bars and tool bars (coded in XML). Without modifying any source code, menus
-can be simply customized by adjusting an XML file. Furthermore, it helps
-to make sure that standard actions (such as
-<menuchoice><guimenu>File</guimenu><guimenuitem>Open</guimenuitem></menuchoice>
-or <menuchoice><guimenu>Help</guimenu><guimenuitem>About</guimenuitem></menuchoice>)
-appear in the locations suggested by the style guide. XMLGUI is especially
-important for modular programs, where the items appearing in the menu bar may
-come from many different plugins or parts.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-KDE's class for toplevel windows,
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/TDEMainWindow.html">TDEMainWindow</ulink>,
-inherits
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KXMLGUIClient.html">KXMLGUIClient</ulink>
-and therefore supports XMLGUI out of the box. All actions created within it must
-have the client's <literal>actionCollection()</literal> as parent. A call to
-<literal>createGUI()</literal> will then build the whole set of menu and tool
-bars defined the applications XML file (conventionally with the suffix
-<literal>ui.rc</literal>).
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="xmlgui-kviewexample">
-<title>An example: Menu in KView</title>
-
-<para>
-In the following, we take KDE's image view <application>KView</application> as
-example. It has a <literal>ui.rc</literal> file named
-<filename>kviewui.rc</filename> which is installed with the
-<filename>Makefile.am</filename> snippet
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-rcdir = $(kde_datadir)/kview
-rc_DATA = kviewui.rc
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-Here is an excerpt from the <filename>kviewui.rc</filename> file. For
-simplicity, we show only the definition of the <guimenu>View</guimenu> menu.
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-&lt;!DOCTYPE kpartgui&gt;
-&lt;kpartgui name="kview"&gt;
- &lt;MenuBar&gt;
- &lt;Menu name="view" &gt;
- &lt;Action name="zoom50" /&gt;
- &lt;Action name="zoom100" /&gt;
- &lt;Action name="zoom200" /&gt;
- &lt;Action name="zoomMaxpect" /&gt;
- &lt;Separator/&gt;
- &lt;Action name="fullscreen" /&gt;
- &lt;/Menu&gt;
- &lt;/MenuBar&gt;
-&lt;/kpartgui&gt;
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The corresponding part of the setup in C++ is:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
- KStdAction::zoomIn ( this, SLOT(slotZoomIn()), actionCollection() );
- KStdAction::zoomOut ( this, SLOT(slotZoomOut()), actionCollection() );
- KStdAction::zoom ( this, SLOT(slotZoom()), actionCollection() );
- new TDEAction ( i18n("&amp;Half size"), ALT+Key_0,
- this, SLOT(slotHalfSize()),
- actionCollection(), "zoom50" );
- new TDEAction ( i18n("&amp;Normal size"), ALT+Key_1,
- this, SLOT(slotDoubleSize()),
- actionCollection(), "zoom100" );
- new TDEAction ( i18n("&amp;Double size"), ALT+Key_2,
- this, SLOT(slotDoubleSize()),
- actionCollection(), "zoom200" );
- new TDEAction ( i18n("&amp;Fill Screen"), ALT+Key_3,
- this, SLOT(slotFillScreen()),
- actionCollection(), "zoomMaxpect" );
- new TDEAction ( i18n("Fullscreen &amp;Mode"), CTRL+SHIFT+Key_F,
- this, SLOT(slotFullScreen()),
- actionCollection(), "fullscreen" );
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The <guimenu>View</guimenu> menu resulting from this GUI definition looks like
-in this screenshot:
-</para>
-
-<mediaobject>
-<imageobject><imagedata fileref="kview-menu.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject>
-
-<para>
-The XML file begins with a document type declaration. The DTD for kpartgui can
-be found in the tdelibs sources in <filename>tdeui/kpartgui.dtd</filename>. The
-outermost element of the file contains the instance name of the application as
-attribute. It can also contain a version number in the form "version=2". This
-is useful when you release new versions of an application with a changed menu
-structure, e.g. with more features. If you bump up the version number of the
-<literal>ui.rc</literal> file, KDE makes sure that any customized version of
-the file is discarded and the new file is used instead.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-The next line, <literal>&lt;MenuBar&gt;</literal>, contains a declaration of a
-menu bar. You can also insert any number of <literal>&lt;ToolBar&gt;</literal>
-declarations in order to create some tool bars. The menu contains a submenu
-with the name "view". This name is already predefined, and thus you see a
-translated version of the word "View" in the screenshot. If you declare your
-own submenus, you have to add the title explicitly. For example,
-<application>KView</application> has a submenu with the title "Image" which is
-declared as follows:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-&lt;Menu name="image" &gt;
- &lt;text&gt;&amp;amp;Image&lt;/text&gt;
- ...
-&lt;/Menu&gt;
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-In KDE's automake framework, such titles are automatically extracted and put
-into the application's <ulink url="tde-i18n-howto.html"><literal>.po</literal></ulink>
-file , so it is considered by translators. Note that you have to write the
-accelerator marker "&amp;" in the form XML compliant form "&amp;amp;".
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Let us come back to the example. <application>KView</application>'s
-<guimenu>View</guimenu> menu contains a couple of custom actions:
-<literal>zoom50</literal>, <literal>zoom100</literal>,
-<literal>zoom200</literal>, <literal>zoomMaxpect</literal> and
-<literal>fullscreen</literal>, declared with a
-<literal>&lt;Action&gt;</literal> element. The separator in the
-screenshots corresponds to the <literal>&lt;Separator&gt;</literal> element.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-You will note that some menu items do not not have a corresponding element in
-the XML file. These are <emphasis>standard actions</emphasis>. Standard
-actions are created by the class
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/KStdAction.html">KStdAction</ulink>.
-When you create such actions in your application (such as in the C++ example
-above), they will automatically be inserted in a prescribed position, and
-possibly with an icon and a shortcut key. You can look up these locations in
-the file <filename>tdeui/ui_standards.rc</filename> in the tdelibs sources.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="xmlgui-konqexample">
-<title>An example: Toolbars in Konqueror</title>
-
-<para>
-For the discussion of toolbars, we switch to
-<application>Konqueror</application>'s GUI definition. This excerpt defines
-the location bar, which contains the input field for URLs.
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-&lt;ToolBar name="locationToolBar" fullWidth="true" newline="true" &gt;
- &lt;text&gt;Location Toolbar&lt;/text&gt;
- &lt;Action name="clear_location" /&gt;
- &lt;Action name="location_label" /&gt;
- &lt;Action name="toolbar_url_combo" /&gt;
- &lt;Action name="go_url" /&gt;
-&lt;/ToolBar&gt;
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The first thing we notice is that there are a lot more attributes than for
-menu bars. These include:
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><para>
-<literal>fullWidth</literal>: Tells XMLGUI that the toolbar has the same width as the
- toplevel window. Af this is "false", the toolbar only takes as much space as
- necessary, and further toolbars are put in the same row.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-<literal>newline</literal>: This is related to the option above. If newline is "true",
-the toolbar starts a new row. Otherwise it may be put in the row together
-with the previous toolbar.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-<literal>noEdit</literal>: Normally toolbars can be customized by the user,
-e.g. in <menuchoice><guimenu>Settings</guimenu><guimenuitem>Configure
-Toolbars</guimenuitem></menuchoice> in
-<application>Konqueror</application>. Setting this option to "true" marks this
-toolbar as not editable. This is important for toolbars which are filled with
-items at runtime, e.g. <application>Konqueror</application>'s bookmark toolbar.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-<literal>iconText</literal>: Tells XMLGUI to show the text of the action next to the
-icon. Normally, the text is only shown as a tooltip when the mouse cursor
-remains over the icon for a while. Possible values for this attribute are
-"icononly" (shows only the icon), "textonly" (shows only the text),
-"icontextright" (shows the text on the right side of the icon) and
-"icontextbottom" (shows the text beneath the icon).
-</para></listitem>
-
-
-<listitem><para>
-<literal>hidden</literal>: If this is "true", the toolbar is not visible initially
-and must be activated by some menu item.
-</para></listitem>
-
-
-<listitem><para>
-<literal>position</literal>: The default for this attribute is "top", meaning that the
-toolbar is positioned under the menu bar. For programs with many tools,
-such as graphics programs, it may be interesting to replace this with
-"left", "right" or "bottom".
-</para></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="xmlgui-dynamical">
-<title>Dynamical menus</title>
-
-<para>
-Obviously, an XML can only contain a static description of a user interface.
-Often, there are menus which change at runtime. For example,
-<application>Konqueror</application>'s <guimenu>Location</guimenu> menu
-contains a set of items <guimenuitem>Open with Foo</guimenuitem> with the
-applications able to load a file with a given MIME type. Each time the
-document shown changes, the list of menu items is updated. XMLGUI is prepared
-to handle such cases with the notion of <emphasis>action lists</emphasis>.
-An action list is declared as one item in the XML file, but consists of
-several actions which are plugged into the menu at runtime. The above example
-is implemented with the following declaration in
-<application>Konqueror</application>'s XML file:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-&lt;Menu name="file"&gt;
- &lt;text&gt;&amp;amp;Location&lt;/text&gt;
- ...
- &lt;ActionList name="openwith"&gt;
- ...
-&lt;/Menu&gt;
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The function <function>KXMLGUIClient::plugActionList()</function> is then used
-to add actions to be displayed, whereas the function
-<function>KXMLGuiClient::unplugActionList()</function> removes all
-plugged actions. The routine responsible for updating looks as follows:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-void MainWindow::updateOpenWithActions()
-{
- unplugActionList("openwith");
- openWithActions.clear();
- for ( /* iterate over the relevant services */ ) {
- TDEAction *action = new TDEAction( ...);
- openWithActions.append(action);
- }
- plugActionList("openwith", openWithActions);
-}
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-Note that in contrast to the static actions, the ones created here are
-<emphasis>not</emphasis> constructed with the action collection as parent, and
-you are responsible for deleting them for yourself. The simplest way to achievethis
-is by using <literal>openWithActions.setAutoDelete(true)</literal> in the above
-example.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="xmlgui-contextmenus">
-<title>Context menus</title>
-
-<para>
-The examples above only contained cases where a main window's menubar and
-toolbars were created. In the cases, the processes of constructing these
-containers is completely hidden from you behind the
-<function>createGUI()</function> call (except if you have custom containers).
-However, there are cases, where you want to construct other containers and
-populate them with GUI definitions from the XML file. One such example are
-context menus. In order to get a pointer to a context menu, you have to
-ask the client's factory for it:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-void MainWindow::popupRequested()
-{
- QWidget *w = factory()->container("context_popup", this);
- QPopupMenu *popup = static_cast&lt;QPopupMenu *&gt;(w);
- popup->exec(QCursor::pos());
-}
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The method <function>KXMLGUIFactory::container()</function> used above looks
-whether it finds a container in the XML file with the given name. Thus, a
-possible definition could look as follows:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-...
-&lt;Menu name="context_popup"&gt;
- &lt;Action name="file_add"/&gt;
- &lt;Action name="file_remove"/&gt;
-&lt;/Menu&gt;
-...
-</programlisting>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-</sect1>
-
-
-<sect1 id="help">
-<title>Providing online help</title>
-
-<para>
-Making a program easy and intuitive to use involves a wide range of
-facilities which are usually called online help. Online help has several,
-partially conflicting goals: on the one, it should give the user answers
-to the question "How can I do a certain task?", on the other hand it
-should help the user exploring the application and finding features he
-doesn't yet know about. It is important to recognize that this can only
-be achieved by offering several levels of help:
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><para>
-Tooltips are tiny labels that pop up over user interface elements when
-the mouse remains there longer. They are especially important for tool-
-bars, where icons are not always sufficient to explain the purpose of
-a button.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-"What's this?" help is usually a longer and richer explanation of a widget
-or a menu item. It is also more clunky to use: In dialogs, it can be invoked
-in two ways: either by pressing
-<keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo> or by clicking
-on the question mark in the title bar (where the support of the latter depends
-on the window manager). The mouse pointer then turns into an arrow with a
-question mark, and the help window appears when a user interfact element has
-been clicked. "What's this?" help for menu items is usually activated by a
-button in the toolbar which contains an arrow and a question mark.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-The problem with this approach is that the user can't see whether a widget
-provides help or not. When the user activates the question mark button and
-doesn't get any help window when clicking on a user interface element, he
-will get frustrated very quickly.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-The advantage of "What's this?" help windows as provided by Qt and KDE is that
-they can contain <ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QStyleSheet">rich text</ulink>,
-i.e. the may contain different fonts, bold and italic text and even images and tables.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-An example of "What's this?" help:
-</para>
-
-<mediaobject>
-<imageobject><imagedata fileref="whatsthis.png"/></imageobject>
-</mediaobject>
-
-</listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-Finally, every program should have a manual. A manual is normally viewed in
-<application>KHelpCenter</application> by activating the
-<guimenu>Help</guimenu> menu. That means, a complete additional application
-pops up and diverts the user from his work. Consequently, consulting the
-manual should only be necessary if other facilities like tooltips and what's
-this help are not sufficient. Of course, a manual has the advantage that it
-does not explain single, isolated aspects of the user interface. Instead, it
-can explain aspects of the application in a greater context. Manuals for KDE
-are written using the <ulink url="http://i18n.kde.org">DocBook</ulink> markup
-language.
-</para></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-From the programmer's point of view, Qt provides an easy to use API for online
-help. To assign a tooltip to widget, use the
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QToolTip">QToolTip</ulink> class.
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-QToolTip::add(w, i18n("This widget does something."))
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-If the menu bars and tool bars are created using the <ulink url="actionpattern.html">
-action pattern</ulink>, the string used as tooltip is derived from the first argument
-of the <ulink url="kdeapi:tdeui/TDEAction.html">TDEAction</ulink> constructor:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-action = new TDEAction(i18n("&amp;Delete"), "editdelete",
- SHIFT+Key_Delete, actionCollection(), "del")
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-Here it is also possible to assign a text which is shown in the status bar when the
-respective menu item is highlighted:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-action->setStatusText(i18n("Deletes the marked file"))
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The API for "What's this?' help is very similar. In dialogs, use the following
-code:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-QWhatsThis::add(w, i18n("&lt;qt&gt;This demonstrates &lt;b&gt;Qt&lt;/b&gt;'s"
- " rich text engine.&lt;ul&gt;"
- "&lt;li&gt;Foo&lt;/li&gt;"
- "&lt;li&gt;Bar&lt;/li&gt;"
- "&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/qt&gt;"))
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-For menu items, use
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-action->setWhatsThis(i18n("Deletes the marked file"))
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The invocation of <application>KHelpCenter</application> is encapsulated in the
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDEApplication">TDEApplication</ulink>
-class. In order to show the manual of your application, just use
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-kapp->invokeHelp()
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-This displays the first page with the table of contents. When you want to
-display only a certain section of the manual, you can give an additional
-argument to <function>invokeHelp()</function> determining the anchor which
-the browser jumps to.
-</para>
-
-</sect1>
-
-</chapter>
-
-
-
-<chapter id="components">
-<title>Components and services</title>
-
-<sect1 id="components-services">
-<title>KDE services</title>
-
-<simplesect id="services-whatarekdeservices">
-<title>What are KDE services?</title>
-
-<para>
-The notion of a <emphasis>service</emphasis> is a central concept in KDE's
-modular architecture. There is no strict technical implementation connected
-with this term - services can be plugins in the form of shared libraries,
-or they can be programs controlled via <ulink url="dcop.html">DCOP</ulink>.
-By claiming to be of a certain <emphasis>service type</emphasis>, a service
-promises to implement certain APIs or features. In C++ terms, one can think
-of a service type as an abstract class, and a service as an implementation
-of that interface.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-The advantage of this separation is clear: An application utilizing a service
-type does not have to know about possible implementations of it. It just uses
-the APIs associated with the service type. In this way, the used service can be
-changed without affecting the application. Also, the user can configure which
-services he prefers for certain features.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Some examples:
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><para>
-The HTML rendering engine used in <application>Konqueror</application> is an
-embedable component that implements the service types
-<literal>KParts/ReadOnlyPart</literal> and <literal>Browser/View</literal>.
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para>
-In <application>TDevelop</application> HEAD, most functionality is packaged in
-plugins with the service type <literal>TDevelop/Part</literal>. At startup,
-all services with this type are loaded, such that you can extend the IDE in a
-very flexible way.
-</para></listitem>
-<listitem><para>
-In the icon view, <application>Konqueror</application> displays - if enabled -
-thumbnail pictures of images, HTML pages, PDF and text files. This ability can
-be extended. If you want it to display preview pictures of your own data files
-with some MIME type, you can implement a service with service type
-<classname>ThumbCreator</classname>.
-</para></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Obviously, a service is not only characterized by the service types it
-implements, but also by some <emphasis>properties</emphasis>. For example, a
-ThumbCreator does not only claim to implement the C++ class with the type
-<classname>ThumbCreator</classname>, it also has a list of MIME types it is
-responsible for. Similarly, TDevelop parts have the programming language they
-support as a property. When an application requests a service type, it can
-also list constraints on the properties of the service. In the above example,
-when TDevelop loads the plugins for a Java project, it asks only for the
-plugins which have Java as the programming language property. For this
-purpose, KDE contains a full-blown CORBA-like <emphasis>trader</emphasis> with
-a complex query language.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="services-definingservicetypes">
-<title>Defining service types</title>
-
-<para>
-New service types are added by installing a description of them into the
-directory <filename>TDEDIR/share/servicetypes</filename>. In an automake
-framework, this can be done with this <filename>Makefile.am</filename>
-snippet:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-kde_servicetypesdir_DATA = tdeveloppart.desktop
-EXTRA_DIST = $(kde_servicetypesdir_DATA)
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The definition <filename>tdeveloppart.desktop</filename> of a
-<application>TDevelop</application> part looks as follows:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-[Desktop Entry]
-Type=ServiceType
-X-TDE-ServiceType=TDevelop/Part
-Name=TDevelop Part
-
-[PropertyDef::X-TDevelop-Scope]
-Type=QString
-
-[PropertyDef::X-TDevelop-ProgrammingLanguages]
-Type=QStringList
-
-[PropertyDef::X-TDevelop-Args]
-Type=QString
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-In addition to the usual entries, this example demonstrates how you declare
-that a service has some properties. Each property definition corresponds
-to a group <literal>[PropertyDef::name]</literal> in the configuration file. In
-this group, the <literal>Type</literal> entry declares the type of the property.
-Possible types are everything that can be stored in a
-<ulink url="kdeapi:qt/QVariant">QVariant</ulink>.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="services-defininglibraryservices">
-<title>Defining shared library services</title>
-
-<para>
-Service definitions are stored in the directory
-<filename>TDEDIR/share/services</filename>:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-kde_servicesdir_DATA = kdevdoxygen.desktop
-EXTRA_DIST = $(kde_servicesdir_DATA)
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The content of the following example file
-<filename>tdevdoxygen.desktop</filename> defines the
-<literal>KDevDoxygen</literal> plugin with the service type
-<literal>TDevelop/Part</literal>:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-[Desktop Entry]
-Type=Service
-Comment=Doxygen
-Name=KDevDoxygen
-ServiceTypes=TDevelop/Part
-X-TDE-Library=libtdevdoxygen
-X-TDevelop-ProgrammingLanguages=C,C++,Java
-X-TDevelop-Scope=Project
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-In addition to the usual declarations, an important entry is
-<literal>X-TDE-Library</literal>. This contains the name of the libtool
-library (without the <literal>.la</literal> extension). It also fixes
-(with the prefix <literal>init_</literal> prepended) the name of the exported
-symbol in the library which returns an object factory. For the above example,
-the library must contain the following function:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-extern "C" {
- void *init_libtdevdoxygen()
- {
- return new DoxygenFactory;
- }
-};
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The type of the factory class <classname>DoxygenFactory</classname> depends on
-the specific service type the service implements. In our example of a TDevelop
-plugin, the factory must be a <classname>KDevFactory</classname> (which
-inherits <classname>KLibFactory</classname>). More common examples are
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdeparts/KParts::Factory">KParts::Factory</ulink>
-which is supposed to produce
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdeparts/KParts::ReadOnlyPart">KParts::ReadOnlyPart</ulink>
-objects or in most cases the generic
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KLibFactory">KLibFactory</ulink>.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="services-usinglibraryservices">
-<title>Using shared library services</title>
-
-<para>
-In order to use a shared library service in an application, you need to obtain a
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdeio/KService.html">KService</ulink> object
-representing it. This is discussed in the
-<ulink url="mime.html">section about MIME types</ulink> (and in a section about the
-trader to be written :-)
-</para>
-
-<para>
-With the <classname>KService</classname> object at hand, you can very simply
-load the library and get a pointer to its factory object:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KService *service = ...
-QString libName = QFile::encodeName(service->library());
-KLibFactory *factory = KLibLoader::self()->factory(libName);
-if (!factory) {
- QString name = service->name();
- QString errorMessage = KLibLoader::self()->lastErrorMessage();
- KMessageBox::error(0, i18n("There was an error loading service %1.\n"
- "The diagnostics from libtool is:\n%2")
- .arg(name).arg(errorMessage);
-}
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-From this point, the further proceeding depends again on the service type. For
-generic plugins, you create objects with the method
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KLibFactory.html#ref3">KLibFactory::create()</ulink>.
-For KParts, you must cast the factory pointer to the more specific KParts::Factory and use
-its create() method:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-if (factory->inherits("KParts::Factory")) {
- KParts::Factory *partFactory = static_cast&lt;KParts::Factory*&gt;(factory);
- QObject *obj = partFactory->createPart(parentWidget, widgetName,
- parent, name, "KParts::ReadOnlyPart");
- ...
-} else {
- cout &lt;&lt; "Service does not implement the right factory" &lt;&lt; endl;
-}
-</programlisting>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="services-definingdcopservices">
-<title>Defining DCOP services</title>
-
-<para>
-A DCOP service is usually implemented as a program that is started up when it is
-needed. It then goes into a loop and listens for DCOP connections. The program
-may be an interactive one, but it may also run completely or for a part of its
-lifetime as a daemon in the background without the user noticing it. An example
-for such a daemon is <literal>tdeio_uiserver</literal>, which implements user interaction
-such as progress dialog for the TDEIO library. The advantage of such a centralized
-daemon in this context is that e.g. the download progress for several different
-files can be shown in one window, even if those downloads were initiated from
-different applications.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-A DCOP service is defined differently from a shared library service. Of course,
-it doesn't specify a library, but instead an executable. Also, DCOP services
-do not specify a ServiceType line, because usually they are started by their
-name. As additional properties, it contains two lines:
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<literal>X-DCOP-ServiceType</literal> specifies the way the service is
-started. The value <literal>Unique</literal> says that the service must not be
-started more than once. This means, if you try to start this service (e.g. via
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/TDEApplication.html#startServiceByName">
-TDEApplication::startServiceByName()</ulink>, KDE looks whether it is already
-registered with DCOP and uses the running service. If it is not registered yet,
-KDE will start it up and wait until is registered. Thus, you can immediately
-send DCOP calls to the service. In such a case, the service should be implemented
-as a
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdecore/KUniqueApplication.html">KUniqueApplication</ulink>.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-The value <literal>Multi</literal> for <literal>X-DCOP-ServiceType</literal> says that multiple
-instances of the service can coexist, so every attempt to start the service
-will create another process. As a last possibility the value <literal>None</literal>
-can be used. In this case, a start of the service will not wait until it
-is registered with DCOP.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<literal>X-TDE-StartupNotify</literal> should normally be set to false. Otherwise, when
-the program is started, the task bar will show a startup notification, or, depending
-on the user's settings, the cursor will be changed.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Here is the definition of <literal>tdeio_uiserver</literal>:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-[Desktop Entry]
-Type=Service
-Name=tdeio_uiserver
-Exec=tdeio_uiserver
-X-DCOP-ServiceType=Unique
-X-TDE-StartupNotify=false
-</programlisting>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="services-usingdcopservices">
-<title>Using DCOP services</title>
-
-<para>
-A DCOP service is started with one of several methods in the TDEApplication
-class:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-DCOPClient *client = kapp->dcopClient();
-client->attach();
-if (!client->isApplicationRegistered("tdeio_uiserver")) {
- QString error;
- if (TDEApplication::startServiceByName("tdeio_uiserver", QStringList(), &amp;error))
- cout &lt;&lt; "Starting kioserver failed with message " &lt;&lt; error &lt;&lt; endl;
-}
-...
-QByteArray data, replyData;
-QCString replyType;
-QDataStream arg(data, IO_WriteOnly);
-arg &lt;&lt; true;
-if (!client->call("tdeio_uiserver", "UIServer", "setListMode(bool)",
- data, replyType, replyData))
- cout &lt;&lt; "Call to tdeio_uiserver failed" &lt;&lt; endl;
-...
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-Note that the example of a DCOP call given here uses explicit marshalling
-of arguments. Often you will want to use a stub generated by dcopidl2cpp
-instead, because it is much simpler and less error prone.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-In the example given here, the service was started "by name", i.e. the
-first argument to <function>TDEApplication::startServiceByName()</function> is
-the name is appearing in the <literal>Name</literal> line of the desktop
-file. An alternative is to use
-<function>TDEApplication::startServiceByDesktopName()</function>, which takes
-the file name of its desktop file as argument, i.e. in this case
-<literal>"tdeio_uiserver.desktop"</literal>.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-All these calls take a list of URLs as a second argument, which is given
-to the service on the command line. The third argument is a pointer to a
-<classname>QString</classname>. If starting the service fails, this argument
-is set to a translated error message.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-</sect1>
-
-
-<sect1 id="components-mime">
-<title>MIME types</title>
-
-<simplesect id="mime-whataremimetypes">
-<title>What are MIME types?</title>
-
-<para>
-MIME types are used to describe the content type of files or data
-chunks. Originally they were introduced in order to allow sending around image
-or sound files etc. by e-mail (MIME stands for "Multipurpose Internet Mail
-Extensions"). Later this system was also used by web browsers to determine how
-to present data sent by a web server to the user. For example, an HTML page
-has a MIME type "text/html", a postscript file "application/postscript". In
-KDE, this concept is used at a variety of places:
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><para>
-In <application>Konqueror</application>'s icon view, files are represented by
-icons. Each MIME type has a certain associated icon shown here.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-When you click onto a file icon or a file name in
-<application>Konqueror</application>, either the file is shown in an embedded
-view, or an application associated with the file type is opened.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-When you drag and drop some data from one application to another (or
-within the same application), the drop target may choose to accept only
-certain data types. Furthermore, it will handle image data different
-from textual data.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-Clipboard data has a MIME type. Traditionally, X programs only handle
-pixmaps or texts, but with Qt, there are no restrictions on the data type.
-</para></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-From the above examples, it is clear that MIME handling is a complex issue.
-First, it is necessary to establish a mapping from file names to MIME types.
-KDE goes one step further in allowing even file contents to be mapped to
-MIME types, for cases in which the file name is not available. Second, it
-is necessary to map MIME types to applications or libraries which can view
-or edit a file with a certain type, or create a thumbnail picture for it.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-There is a variety of APIs to figure out the MIME type of data or files. In
-general, there is a certain speed/reliability trade-off you have to make. You
-can find out the type of a file by examining only its file name (i.e. in most
-cases the file name extension). For example, a file
-<filename>foo.jpg</filename> is normally "image/jpeg". In cases where the
-extension is stripped off this is not safe, and you actually have to look at
-the contents of the file. This is of course slower, in particular for files
-that have to be downloaded via HTTP first. The content-based method is based
-on the file <filename>TDEDIR/share/mimelnk/magic</filename> and therefore
-difficult to extend. But in general, MIME type information can easily be made
-available to the system by installing a <literal>.desktop</literal> file, and
-it is efficiently and conveniently available through the KDE libraries.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="mime-definingmimetypes">
-<title>Defining MIME types</title>
-
-<para>
-Let us define a type <literal>"application/x-foo"</literal> for our new
-<application>foobar</application> program. To this end, you have to write a
-file <filename>foo.desktop</filename> and install it into
-<filename>TDEDIR/share/mimelnk/application</filename>. (This is the usual
-location, which may differ between distributions). This can be done by adding
-this to the <filename>Makefile.am</filename>:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-mimedir = $(kde_mimedir)/application
-mime_DATA = foo.desktop
-EXTRA_DIST = $(mime_DATA)
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The file <filename>foo.desktop</filename> should look as follows:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-[Desktop Entry]
-Type=MimeType
-MimeType=application/x-foo
-Icon=fooicon
-Patterns=*.foo;
-DefaultApp=foobar
-Comment=Foo Data File
-Comment[de]=Foo Datei
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The <literal>"Comment"</literal> entry is supposed to be translated. Since the
-<filename>.desktop</filename> file specifies an icon, you should also install
-an icon <filename>fooicon.png</filename>, which represents the file e.g. in
-<application>Konqueror</application>.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-In the KDE libraries, such a type definition is mapped to an instance of the
-class <ulink url="kdeapi:tdeio/KMimeType.html">KMimeType</ulink>.
-Use this like in the following example:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KMimeType::Ptr type = KMimeType::mimeType("application/x-foo");
-cout &lt;&lt; "Type: " &lt;&lt; type->name() &lt; endl;
-cout &lt;&lt; "Icon: " &lt;&lt; type->icon() &lt; endl;
-cout &lt;&lt; "Comment: " &lt;&lt; type->icon() &lt; endl;
-QStringList patterns = type->patterns();
-QStringList::ConstIterator it;
-for (it = patterns.begin(); it != patterns.end(); ++it)
- cout &lt;&lt; "Pattern: " &lt;&lt; (*it) &lt;&lt; endl;
-</programlisting>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="mime-determiningmimetypes">
-<title>Determining the MIME type of data</title>
-
-<para>
-The fast method for determining the type of a file is
-<function>KMimeType::findByURL()</function>. This looks for the URL string and
-in most cases determines the type from the extension. For certain protocols
-(e.g. http, man, info), this mechanism is not used. For example, CGI scripts
-on web servers written in Perl often have the extension
-<literal>.pl</literal>, which would indicate a
-<literal>"text/x-perl"</literal> type. However, we file delivered by the
-server is the output of this script, which is normally HTML. For such a case,
-<function>KMimeType::findByURL()</function> returns the MIME type
-<literal>"application/octet-stream"</literal> (available through
-<function>KMimeType::defaultMimeType()</function>), which indicates a failure
-to find out the type.
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KMimeType::Ptr type = KMimeType::findByURL("/home/bernd/foobar.jpg");
-if (type->name() == KMimeType::defaultMimeType())
- cout &lt;&lt; "Could not find out type" &lt;&lt; endl;
-else
- cout &lt;&lt; "Type: " &lt;&lt; type->name() &lt;&lt; endl;
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-(this method has some more arguments, but these are undocumented, so simply
-forget about them.)
-</para>
-
-<para>
-You may want to find out a MIME from the contents of file instead of
-the file name. This is more reliable, but also slower, as it requires
-reading a part of the file. This is done with the
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdeio/KMimeMagic.html">KMimeMagic</ulink>
-class, which has different error handling:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KMimeMagicResult *result = KMimeMagic::self()->findFileType("/home/bernd/foobar.jpg");
-if (!result || !result->isValid())
- cout &lt;&lt; "Could not find out type" &lt;&lt; endl;
-else
- cout &lt;&lt; "Type: " &lt;&lt; result->mimeType() &lt;&lt; endl;
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-As a variant of this function, you can also determine the type of a memory
-chunk. This is e.g. used in <application>Kate</application> in order to find
-out the highlighting mode:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-QByteArray array;
-...
-KMimeMagicResult *result = KMimeMagic::self()->findBufferType(array);
-if (!result || !result->isValid())
- cout &lt;&lt; "Could not find out type" &lt;&lt; endl;
-else
- cout &lt;&lt; "Type: " &lt;&lt; result->mimeType() &lt;&lt; endl;
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-Of course, even KMimeMagic is only able to determine a file type from the
-contents of a local file. For remote files, there is a further possibility:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KURL url("http://developer.kde.org/favicon.ico");
-QString type = TDEIO::NetAccess::mimetype(url);
-if (type == KMimeType::defaultMimeType())
- cout &lt;&lt; "Could not find out type" &lt;&lt; endl;
-else
- cout &lt;&lt; "Type: " &lt;&lt; type &lt;&lt; endl;
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-This starts a TDEIO job to download a part of the file and check this.
-Note that this function is perhaps quite slow and blocks the program. Normally
-you will only want to use this if <function>KMimeType::findByURL()</function>
-has returned <literal>"application/octet-stream"</literal>.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-On the other hand, if you do not want to block your application, you can also
-explicitly start the TDEIO job and connect to some of its signals:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-void FooClass::findType()
-{
- KURL url("http://developer.kde.org/favicon.ico");
- TDEIO::MimetypeJob *job = TDEIO::mimetype(url);
- connect( job, SIGNAL(result(TDEIO::Job*)),
- this, SLOT(mimeResult(TDEIO::Job*)) );
-}
-
-void FooClass::mimeResult(TDEIO::Job *job)
-{
- if (job->error())
- job->showErrorDialog();
- else
- cout &lt;&lt; "MIME type: " &lt;&lt; ((TDEIO::MimetypeJob *)job)->mimetype() &lt;&lt; endl;
-}
-</programlisting>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="mime-mappingmimetypes">
-<title>Mapping a MIME type to an application or service</title>
-
-<para>
-When an application is installed, it installs a <literal>.desktop</literal>
-file which contains a list of MIME types this application can load. Similarly,
-components like KParts make this information available by their service
-<literal>.desktop</literal> files. So in general, there are several programs
-and components which can process a given MIME type. You can obtain such a list
-from the class <classname>KServiceTypeProfile</classname>:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KService::OfferList offers = KServiceTypeProfile::offers("text/html", "Application");
-KService::OfferList::ConstIterator it;
-for (it = offers.begin(); it != offers.end(); ++it) {
- KService::Ptr service = (*it);
- cout &lt;&lt; "Name: " &lt;&lt; service->name() &lt;&lt; endl;
-}
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The return value of this function is a list of service offers. A
-<classname>KServiceOffer</classname> object packages a KService::Ptr together
-with a preference number. The list returned by
-<function>KServiceTypeProfile::offers()</function> is ordered by the user's
-preference. The user can change this by calling <command>"keditfiletype
-text/html"</command> or choosing <guimenuitem>Edit File Type</guimenuitem> on
-<application>Konqueror</application>'s context menu on a HTML file.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-In the above example, an offer list of the applications supporting
-<literal>text/html</literal> was requested. This will - among others - contain
-HTML editors like <application>Quanta Plus</application>. You can also replace
-the second argument <literal>"Application"</literal> by
-<literal>"KParts::ReadOnlyPart"</literal>. In that case, you get a list of
-embedable components for presenting HTML content, for example TDEHTML.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-In most cases, you are not interested in the list of all service offers
-for a combination of MIME type and service type. There is a convenience
-function which gives you only the service offer with the highest preference:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KService::Ptr offer = KServiceTypeProfile::preferredService("text/html", "Application");
-if (offer)
- cout &lt;&lt; "Name: " &lt;&lt; service->name() &lt;&lt; endl;
-else
- cout &lt;&lt; "No appropriate service found" &lt;&lt; endl;
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-For even more complex queries, there is a full-blown CORBA-like
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdeio/TDETrader.html">trader</ulink>.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-In order to run an application service with some URLs, use
-<ulink url="kdeapi:tdeio/KRun.html">KRun</ulink>:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KURL::List urlList;
-urlList &lt;&lt; "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1341.txt?number=1341";
-urlList &lt;&lt; "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2046.txt?number=2046";
-KRun::run(offer.service(), urlList);
-</programlisting>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="mime-misc">
-<title>Miscellaneous</title>
-
-<para>
-In this section, we want to list some APIs which are loosely related
-to the previous discussion.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Getting an icon for a URL. This looks for the type of the URL
-and returns the associated icon.
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KURL url("ftp://ftp.kde.org/pub/incoming/wibble.c");
-QString icon = KMimeType::iconForURL(url);
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-Running a URL. This looks for the type of the URL and starts the
-user's preferred program associated with this type.
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KURL url("http://dot.kde.org");
-new KRun(url);
-</programlisting>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-</sect1>
-
-
-<sect1 id="nettransparency">
-<title>Network transparency</title>
-
-<simplesect id="nettransparency-intro">
-<title>Introduction</title>
-
-<para>
-In the age of the world wide web, it is of essential importance that desktop
-applications can access resources over the internet: they should be able to
-download files from a web server, write files to an ftp server or read mails
-from a web server. Often, the ability to access files regardless of their
-location is called <emphasis>network transparency</emphasis>.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-In the past, different approaches to this goals were implemented. The old NFS
-file system is an attempt to implement network transparency on the level of
-the POSIX API. While this approach works quite well in local, closely coupled
-networks, it does not scale for resources to which access is unreliable and
-possibly slow. Here, <emphasis>asynchronicity</emphasis> is important. While
-you are waiting for your web browser to download a page, the user interface
-should not block. Also, the page rendering should not begin when the page is
-completely available, but should updated regularly as data comes in.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-In the KDE libraries, network transparency is implemented in the TDEIO API. The
-central concept of this architecture is an IO <emphasis>job</emphasis>. A job
-may copy, or delete files or similar things. Once a job is started, it works
-in the background and does not block the application. Any communication from
-the job back to the application - like delivering data or progress information
-- is done integrated with the Qt event loop.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Background operation is achieved by starting <emphasis>ioslaves</emphasis> to
-perform certain tasks. ioslaves are started as separate processes and are
-communicated with through UNIX domain sockets. In this way, no multi-threading
-is necessary and unstable slaves can not crash the application that uses them.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-File locations are expressed by the widely used URLs. But in KDE, URLs do not
-only expand the range of addressable files beyond the local file system. It
-also goes in the opposite direction - e.g. you can browse into tar archives.
-This is achieved by nesting URLs. For example, a file in a tar archive on
-a http server could have the URL
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-http://www-com.physik.hu-berlin.de/~bernd/article.tgz#tar:/paper.tex
-</programlisting>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="nettransparency-usingkio">
-<title>Using TDEIO</title>
-
-<para>
-In most cases, jobs are created by calling functions in the TDEIO namespace.
-These functions take one or two URLs as arguments, and possible other
-necessary parameters. When the job is finished, it emits the signal
-<literal>result(TDEIO::Job*)</literal>. After this signal has been emitted, the job
-deletes itself. Thus, a typical use case will look like this:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-void FooClass::makeDirectory()
-{
- SimpleJob *job = TDEIO::mkdir(KURL("file:/home/bernd/tdeiodir"));
- connect( job, SIGNAL(result(TDEIO::Job*)),
- this, SLOT(mkdirResult(TDEIO::Job*)) );
-}
-
-void FooClass::mkdirResult(TDEIO::Job *job)
-{
- if (job->error())
- job->showErrorDialog();
- else
- cout &lt;&lt; "mkdir went fine" &lt;&lt; endl;
-}
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-Depending on the type of the job, you may connect also to other
-signals.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Here is an overview over the possible functions:
-</para>
-
-<variablelist>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::mkdir(const KURL &amp;url, int permission)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Creates a directory, optionally with certain permissions.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::rmdir(const KURL &amp;url)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Removes a directory.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::chmod(const KURL &amp;url, int permissions)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Changes the permissions of a file.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::rename(const KURL &amp;src, const KURL &amp;dest,
- bool overwrite)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Renames a file.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::symlink(const QString &amp;target, const KURL &amp;dest,
- bool overwrite, bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Creates a symbolic link.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::stat(const KURL &amp;url, bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Finds out certain information about the file, such as size, modification
-time and permissions. The information can be obtained from
-TDEIO::StatJob::statResult() after the job has finished.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::get(const KURL &amp;url, bool reload, bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Transfers data from a URL.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::put(const KURL &amp;url, int permissions, bool overwrite,
- bool resume, bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Transfers data to a URL.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::http_post(const KURL &amp;url, const QByteArray &amp;data,
- bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>Posts data. Special for HTTP.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::mimetype(const KURL &amp;url, bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Tries to find the MIME type of the URL. The type can be obtained from
-TDEIO::MimetypeJob::mimetype() after the job has finished.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::file_copy(const KURL &amp;src, const KURL &amp;dest, int permissions,
- bool overwrite, bool resume, bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Copies a single file.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::file_move(const KURL &amp;src, const KURL &amp;dest, int permissions,
- bool overwrite, bool resume, bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Renames or moves a single file.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::file_delete(const KURL &amp;url, bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Deletes a single file.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::listDir(const KURL &amp;url, bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Lists the contents of a directory. Each time some new entries are known, the
-signal TDEIO::ListJob::entries() is emitted.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::listRecursive(const KURL &amp;url, bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Similar to the listDir() function, but this one is recursive.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::copy(const KURL &amp;src, const KURL &amp;dest, bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Copies a file or directory. Directories are copied recursively.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::move(const KURL &amp;src, const KURL &amp;dest, bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Moves or renames a file or directory.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>TDEIO::del(const KURL &amp;src, bool shred, bool showProgressInfo)</term>
-<listitem><para>
-Deletes a file or directory.
-</para></listitem>
-</varlistentry>
-
-</variablelist>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="nettransparency-direntries">
-<title>Directory entries</title>
-
-<para>
-Both the TDEIO::stat() and TDEIO::listDir() jobs return their results as a type
-UDSEntry, UDSEntryList resp. The latter is defined as QValueList&lt;UDSEntry&gt;.
-The acronym UDS stands for "Universal directory service". The principle behind
-it is that the a directory entry only carries the information which an ioslave
-can provide, not more. For example, the http slave does not provide any
-information about access permissions or file owners.
-Instead, a UDSEntry is a list of UDSAtoms. Each atom provides a specific piece
-of information. It consists of a type stored in m_uds and either an integer
-value in m_long or a string value in m_str, depending on the type.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-The following types are currently defined:
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><para>
-UDS_SIZE (integer) - Size of the file.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-UDS_USER (string) - User owning the file.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-UDS_GROUP (string) - Group owning the file.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-UDS_NAME (string) - File name.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-UDS_ACCESS (integer) - Permission rights of the file, as e.g. stored
-by the libc function stat() in the st_mode field.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-UDS_FILE_TYPE (integer) - The file type, as e.g. stored by stat() in the
-st_mode field. Therefore you can use the usual libc macros like S_ISDIR to
-test this value. Note that the data provided by ioslaves corresponds to
-stat(), not lstat(), i.e. in case of symbolic links, the file type here is
-the type of the file pointed to by the link, not the link itself.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-UDS_LINK_DEST (string) - In case of a symbolic link, the name of the file
-pointed to.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-UDS_MODIFICATION_TIME (integer) - The time (as in the type time_t) when the
-file was last modified, as e.g. stored by stat() in the st_mtime field.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-UDS_ACCESS_TIME (integer) - The time when the file was last accessed, as
-e.g. stored by stat() in the st_atime field.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-UDS_CREATION_TIME (integer) - The time when the file was created, as e.g.
-stored by stat() in the st_ctime field.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-UDS_URL (string) - Provides a URL of a file, if it is not simply the
-the concatenation of directory URL and file name.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-UDS_MIME_TYPE (string) - MIME type of the file
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-UDS_GUESSED_MIME_TYPE (string) - MIME type of the file as guessed by the
-slave. The difference to the previous type is that the one provided here
-should not be taken as reliable (because determining it in a reliable way
-would be too expensive). For example, the KRun class explicitly checks the
-MIME type if it does not have reliable information.
-</para></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-<para>
-Although the way of storing information about files in a
-<classname>UDSEntry</classname> is flexible and practical from the ioslave
-point of view, it is a mess to use for the application programmer. For
-example, in order to find out the MIME type of the file, you have to iterate
-over all atoms and test whether <literal>m_uds</literal> is
-<literal>UDS_MIME_TYPE</literal>. Fortunately, there is an API which is a lot
-easier to use: the class <classname>KFileItem</classname>.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="nettransparency-syncuse">
-<title>Synchronous usage</title>
-
-<para>
-Often, the asynchronous API of TDEIO is too complex to use and therefore
-implementing full asynchronicity is not a priority. For example, in a program
-that can only handle one document file at a time, there is little that can be
-done while the program is downloading a file anyway. For these simple cases,
-there is a mucher simpler API in the form of a set of static functions in
-TDEIO::NetAccess. For example, in order to copy a file, use
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KURL source, target;
-source = ...;
-target = ...
-TDEIO::NetAccess::copy(source, target);
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The function will return after the complete copying process has finished. Still,
-this method provides a progress dialog, and it makes sure that the application
-processes repaint events.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-A particularly interesting combination of functions is
-<function>download()</function> in combination with
-<function>removeTempFile()</function>. The former downloads a file from given
-URL and stores it in a temporary file with a unique name. The name is stored
-in the second argument. <emphasis>If</emphasis> the URL is local, the file is
-not downloaded, and instead the second argument is set to the local file
-name. The function <function>removeTempFile()</function> deletes the file
-given by its argument if the file is the result of a former download. If that
-is not the case, it does nothing. Thus, a very easy to use way of loading
-files regardless of their location is the following code snippet:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KURL url;
-url = ...;
-QString tempFile;
-if (TDEIO::NetAccess::download(url, tempFile) {
- // load the file with the name tempFile
- TDEIO::NetAccess::removeTempFile(tempFile);
-}
-</programlisting>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="nettransparency-metadata">
-<title>Meta data</title>
-
-<para>
-As can be seen above, the interface to IO jobs is quite abstract and does not
-consider any exchange of information between application and IO slave that
-is protocol specific. This is not always appropriate. For example, you may give
-certain parameters to the HTTP slave to control its caching behavior or
-send a bunch of cookies with the request. For this need, the concept of meta
-data has been introduced. When a job is created, you can configure it by adding
-meta data to it. Each item of meta data consists of a key/value pair. For
-example, in order to prevent the HTTP slave from loading a web page from its
-cache, you can use:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-void FooClass::reloadPage()
-{
- KURL url("http://www.kdevelop.org/index.html");
- TDEIO::TransferJob *job = TDEIO::get(url, true, false);
- job->addMetaData("cache", "reload");
- ...
-}
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The same technique is used in the other direction, i.e. for communication from
-the slave to the application. The method
-<function>Job::queryMetaData()</function> asks for the value of the certain
-key delivered by the slave. For the HTTP slave, one such example is the key
-<literal>"modified"</literal>, which contains a (stringified representation of)
-the date when the web page was last modified. An example how you can use this
-is the following:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-void FooClass::printModifiedDate()
-{
- KURL url("http://developer.kde.org/documentation/kde2arch/index.html");
- TDEIO::TransferJob *job = TDEIO::get(url, true, false);
- connect( job, SIGNAL(result(TDEIO::Job*)),
- this, SLOT(transferResult(TDEIO::Job*)) );
-}
-
-void FooClass::transferResult(TDEIO::Job *job)
-{
- QString mimetype;
- if (job->error())
- job->showErrorDialog();
- else {
- TDEIO::TransferJob *transferJob = (TDEIO::TransferJob*) job;
- QString modified = transferJob->queryMetaData("modified");
- cout &lt;&lt; "Last modified: " &lt;&lt; modified &lt;&lt; endl;
-}
-</programlisting>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="nettransparency-scheduling">
-<title>Scheduling</title>
-
-<para>
-When using the TDEIO API, you usually do not have to cope with the details of
-starting IO slaves and communicating with them. The normal use case is to
-start a job and with some parameters and handle the signals the jobs emits.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Behind the curtains, the scenario is a lot more complicated. When you create a
-job, it is put in a queue. When the application goes back to the event loop,
-TDEIO allocates slave processes for the jobs in the queue. For the first jobs
-started, this is trivial: an IO slave for the appropriate protocol is started.
-However, after the job (like a download from an http server) has finished, it
-is not immediately killed. Instead, it is put in a pool of idle slaves and
-killed after a certain time of inactivity (current 3 minutes). If a new request
-for the same protocol and host arrives, the slave is reused. The obvious
-advantage is that for a series of jobs for the same host, the cost for creating
-new processes and possibly going through an authentication handshake is saved.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Of course, reusing is only possible when the existing slave has already finished
-its previous job. when a new request arrives while an existing slave process is
-still running, a new process must be started and used. In the API usage in the
-examples above, there are no limitation for creating new slave processes: if you
-start a consecutive series of downloads for 20 different files, then TDEIO will
-start 20 slave processes. This scheme of assigning slaves to jobs is called
-<emphasis>direct</emphasis>. It not always the most appropriate scheme, as it
-may need much memory and put a high load on both the client and server machines.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-So there is a different way. You can <emphasis>schedule</emphasis> jobs. If
-you do this, only a limited number (currently 3) of slave processes for a
-protocol will be created. If you create more jobs than that, they are put in a
-queue and are processed when a slave process becomes idle. This is done as
-follows:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KURL url("http://developer.kde.org/documentation/kde2arch/index.html");
-TDEIO::TransferJob *job = TDEIO::get(url, true, false);
-TDEIO::Scheduler::scheduleJob(job);
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-A third possibility is <emphasis>connection oriented</emphasis>. For example,
-for the IMAP slave, it does not make any sense to start multiple processes for
-the same server. Only one IMAP connection at a time should be enforced. In
-this case, the application must explicitly deal with the notion of a slave. It
-has to deallocate a slave for a certain connection and then assign all jobs
-which should go through the same connection to the same slave. This can again
-be easily achieved by using the TDEIO::Scheduler:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-KURL baseUrl("imap://bernd@albert.physik.hu-berlin.de");
-TDEIO::Slave *slave = TDEIO::Scheduler::getConnectedSlave(baseUrl);
-
-TDEIO::TransferJob *job1 = TDEIO::get(KURL(baseUrl, "/INBOX;UID=79374"));
-TDEIO::Scheduler::assignJobToSlave(slave, job1);
-
-TDEIO::TransferJob *job2 = TDEIO::get(KURL(baseUrl, "/INBOX;UID=86793"));
-TDEIO::Scheduler::assignJobToSlave(slave, job2);
-
-...
-
-TDEIO::Scheduler::disconnectSlave(slave);
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-You may only disconnect the slave after all jobs assigned to it are guaranteed
-to be finished.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="nettransparency-definingslaves">
-<title>Defining an ioslave</title>
-
-<para>
-In the following we discuss how you can add a new ioslave to the system.
-In analogy to services, new ioslaves are advertised to the system by
-installing a little configuration file. The following Makefile.am
-snippet installs the ftp protocol:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-protocoldir = $(kde_servicesdir)
-protocol_DATA = ftp.protocol
-EXTRA_DIST = $(mime_DATA)
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The contents of the file ftp.protocol is as follows:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-[Protocol]
-exec=tdeio_ftp
-protocol=ftp
-input=none
-output=filesystem
-listing=Name,Type,Size,Date,Access,Owner,Group,Link,
-reading=true
-writing=true
-makedir=true
-deleting=true
-Icon=ftp
-</programlisting>
-
-<para>
-The <literal>"protocol"</literal> entry defines for which protocol this slave
-is responsible. <literal>"exec"</literal> is (in contrast what you would
-expect naively) the name of the library that implements the slave. When the
-slave is supposed to start, the <command>"tdeinit"</command> executable is
-started which in turn loads this library into its address space. So in
-practice, you can think of the running slave as a separate process although it
-is implemented as library. The advantage of this mechanism is that it saves a
-lot of memory and reduces the time needed by the runtime linker.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-The "input" and "output" lines are not used currently.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-The remaining lines in the <literal>.protocol</literal> file define which
-abilities the slave has. In general, the features a slave must implement are
-much simpler than the features the TDEIO API provides for the application. The
-reason for this is that complex jobs are scheduled to a couple of subjobs. For
-example, in order to list a directory recursively, one job will be started for
-the toplevel directory. Then for each subdirectory reported back, new subjobs
-are started. A scheduler in TDEIO makes sure that not too many jobs are active
-at the same time. Similarly, in order to copy a file within a protocol that
-does not support copying directly (like the <literal>ftp:</literal> protocol),
-TDEIO can read the source file and then write the data to the destination
-file. For this to work, the <literal>.protocol</literal> must advertise the
-actions its slave supports.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Since slaves are loaded as shared libraries, but constitute standalone programs,
-their code framework looks a bit different from normal shared library plugins.
-The function which is called to start the slave is called
-<function>kdemain()</function>. This function does some initializations and
-then goes into an event loop and waits for requests by the application using
-it. This looks as follows:
-</para>
-
-<programlisting>
-extern "C" { int kdemain(int argc, char **argv); }
-
-int kdemain(int argc, char **argv)
-{
- TDELocale::setMainCatalogue("tdelibs");
- TDEInstance instance("tdeio_ftp");
- (void) TDEGlobal::locale();
-
- if (argc != 4) {
- fprintf(stderr, "Usage: tdeio_ftp protocol "
- "domain-socket1 domain-socket2\n");
- exit(-1);
- }
-
- FtpSlave slave(argv[2], argv[3]);
- slave.dispatchLoop();
- return 0;
-}
-</programlisting>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="nettransparency-implementingslaves">
-<title>Implementing an ioslave</title>
-
-<para>
-Slaves are implemented as subclasses of <classname>TDEIO::SlaveBase</classname>
-(FtpSlave in the above example). Thus, the actions listed in the
-<literal>.protocol</literal> correspond to certain virtual functions in
-<classname>TDEIO::SlaveBase</classname> the slave implementation must
-reimplement. Here is a list of possible actions and the corresponding virtual
-functions:
-</para>
-
-<variablelist>
-
-<varlistentry><term>reading - Reads data from a URL</term>
-<listitem><para>void get(const KURL &amp;url)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>writing - Writes data to a URL and create the file if it does not exist yet.</term>
-<listitem><para>void put(const KURL &amp;url, int permissions, bool overwrite, bool resume)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>moving - Renames a file.</term>
-<listitem><para>void rename(const KURL &amp;src, const KURL &amp;dest, bool overwrite)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>deleting - Deletes a file or directory.</term>
-<listitem><para>void del(const KURL &amp;url, bool isFile)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>listing - Lists the contents of a directory.</term>
-<listitem><para>void listDir(const KURL &amp;url)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>makedir - Creates a directory.</term>
-<listitem><para>void mkdir(const KURL &amp;url, int permissions)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
-
-</variablelist>
-
-<para>
-Additionally, there are reimplementable functions not listed in the <literal>.protocol</literal>
-file. For these operations, TDEIO automatically determines whether they are supported
-or not (i.e. the default implementation returns an error).
-</para>
-
-<variablelist>
-
-<varlistentry><term>Delivers information about a file, similar to the C function stat().</term>
-<listitem><para>void stat(const KURL &amp;url)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>Changes the access permissions of a file.</term>
-<listitem><para>void chmod(const KURL &amp;url, int permissions)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>Determines the MIME type of a file.</term>
-<listitem><para>void mimetype(const KURL &amp;url)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>Copies a file.</term>
-<listitem><para>copy(const KURL &amp;url, const KURL &amp;dest, int permissions, bool overwrite)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
-
-<varlistentry><term>Creates a symbolic link.</term>
-<listitem><para>void symlink(const QString &amp;target, const KURL &amp;dest, bool overwrite)</para></listitem></varlistentry>
-
-</variablelist>
-
-<para>
-All these implementation should end with one of two calls: If the operation
-was successful, they should call <literal>finished()</literal>. If an error has occurred,
-<literal>error()</literal> should be called with an error code as first argument and a
-string in the second. Possible error codes are listed as enum
-<type>TDEIO::Error</type>. The second argument is usually the URL in
-question. It is used e.g. in <function>TDEIO::Job::showErrorDialog()</function>
-in order to parameterize the human-readable error message.
-</para>
-
-<para>
-For slaves that correspond to network protocols, it might be interesting to
-reimplement the method <function>SlaveBase::setHost()</function>. This is
-called to tell the slave process about the host and port, and the user name
-and password to log in. In general, meta data set by the application can be
-queried by <function>SlaveBase::metaData()</function>. You can check for the
-existence of meta data of a certain key with
-<function>SlaveBase::hasMetaData()</function>.
-</para>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="nettransparency-communication">
-<title>Communicating back to the application</title>
-
-<para>
-Various actions implemented in a slave need some way to communicate data back
-to the application using the slave process:
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><para>
-<function>get()</function> sends blocks of data. This is done with
-<function>data()</function>, which takes a <classname>QByteArray</classname>
-as argument. Of course, you do not need to send all data at once. If you send
-a large file, call <function>data()</function> with smaller data blocks, so
-the application can process them. Call <function>finished()</function> when
-the transfer is finished.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-<function>listDir()</function> reports information about the entries of a
-directory. For this purpose, call <function>listEntries()</function> with a
-<classname>TDEIO::UDSEntryList</classname> as argument. Analogously to
-<function>data()</function>, you can call this several times. When you are
-finished, call <function>listEntry()</function> with the second argument set
-to true. You may also call <function>totalSize()</function> to report the
-total number of directory entries, if known.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-<function>stat()</function> reports information about a file like size, MIME
-type, etc. Such information is packaged in a
-<classname>TDEIO::UDSEntry</classname>, which will be discussed below. Use
-<function>statEntry()</function> to send such an item to the application.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-<function>mimetype()</function> calls <function>mimeType()</function> with a
-string argument.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-<function>get()</function> and <function>copy()</function> may want to provide
-progress information. This is done with the methods
-<function>totalSize()</function>, <function>processedSize()</function>,
-<function>speed()</function>. The total size and processed size are reported
-as bytes, the speed as bytes per second.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-You can send arbitrary key/value pairs of meta data with
-<function>setMetaData()</function>.
-</para></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-
-<simplesect id="nettransparency-interacting">
-<title>Interacting with the user</title>
-
-<para>
-Sometimes a slave has to interact with the user. Examples include informational
-messages, authentication dialogs and confirmation dialogs when a file is about
-to be overwritten.
-</para>
-
-<itemizedlist>
-
-<listitem><para>
-<function>infoMessage()</function> - This is for informational feedback, such
-as the message "Retrieving data from &lt;host&gt;" from the http slave, which
-is often displayed in the status bar of the program. On the application side,
-this method corresponds to the signal
-<function>TDEIO::Job::infoMessage()</function>.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-<function>warning()</function> - Displays a warning in a message box with
-<function>KMessageBox::information()</function>. If a message box is still
-open from a former call of warning() from the same slave process, nothing
-happens.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-<function>messageBox()</function> - This is richer than the previous
-method. It allows to open a message box with text and caption and some
-buttons. See the enum <type>SlaveBase::MessageBoxType</type> for reference.
-</para></listitem>
-
-<listitem><para>
-<function>openPassDlg()</function> - Opens a dialog for the input of user name
-and password.
-</para></listitem>
-
-</itemizedlist>
-
-</simplesect>
-
-</sect1>
-
-</chapter>
-
-
-
-<appendix id="misc">
-<title>Licensing</title>
-
-&underFDL;
-&underGPL;
-
-</appendix>
-
-</book>